研究

See also: 硏究

Chinese

		grind fine; study; research	after all; to investigate; to study carefully
trad. (研究)		研	究
simp. ^#(研究)		研	究

Pronunciation

Mandarin
(Standard)
(Pinyin): yánjiū, yánjiù

(Zhuyin): ㄧㄢˊ ㄐㄧㄡ, ㄧㄢˊ ㄐㄧㄡˋ

(Dungan, Cyrillic and Wiktionary): янҗю (i͡anži͡u, I-I)
Cantonese (Jyutping): jin⁴ gau³
Hakka
(Sixian, PFS): ngiên-kiu / ngiân-kiu

(Hailu, HRS): ngan^ˋ giu^ˇ

(Meixian, Guangdong): ngan¹ giu¹
Eastern Min (BUC): ngiĕng-géu
Puxian Min (Pouseng Ping'ing): ngieng² giu⁴
Southern Min
(Hokkien, POJ): gián-kiù

(Teochew, Peng'im): ngiêng⁵ giu³ / ngiang⁵ giu³
Wu (Shanghai, Wugniu): ¹gni-cieu

Mandarin
- (Standard Chinese, Mainland)⁺
  - Hanyu Pinyin: yánjiū → yánjiu (toneless final syllable variant)
  - Zhuyin: ㄧㄢˊ ㄐㄧㄡ → ㄧㄢˊ ˙ㄐㄧㄡ (toneless final syllable variant)
  - Tongyong Pinyin: yánjio̊u
  - Wade–Giles: yen²-chiu⁵
  - Yale: yán-jyou
  - Gwoyeu Romatzyh: yan.jiou
  - Palladius: яньцзю (janʹczju)
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /jɛn³⁵ t͡ɕi̯oʊ̯⁵⁵/ → /jɛn³⁵ d͡ʑ̥i̯oʊ̯³/
- (Standard Chinese, Taiwan)⁺
  - Hanyu Pinyin: yánjiù
  - Zhuyin: ㄧㄢˊ ㄐㄧㄡˋ
  - Tongyong Pinyin: yánjiòu
  - Wade–Giles: yen²-chiu⁴
  - Yale: yán-jyòu
  - Gwoyeu Romatzyh: yanjiow
  - Palladius: яньцзю (janʹczju)
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /jɛn³⁵ t͡ɕi̯oʊ̯⁵¹/
- (Dungan)
  - Cyrillic and Wiktionary: янҗю (i͡anži͡u, I-I)
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /iæ̃²⁴ t͡ɕiou²⁴/
  (Note: Dungan pronunciation is currently experimental and may be inaccurate.)
Cantonese
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)⁺
  - Jyutping: jin⁴ gau³
  - Yale: yìhn gau
  - Cantonese Pinyin: jin⁴ gau³
  - Guangdong Romanization: yin⁴ geo³
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /jiːn²¹ kɐu̯³³/
Hakka
- (Northern Sixian, incl. Miaoli)
  - Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: ngiên-kiu
  - Hakka Romanization System: ngien^ˊ giu
  - Hagfa Pinyim: ngian¹ giu⁴
  - Sinological IPA: /ŋi̯en²⁴⁻¹¹ ki̯u⁵⁵/
- (Southern Sixian, incl. Neipu)
  - Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: ngiân-kiu
  - Hakka Romanization System: ngian^ˊ giu
  - Hagfa Pinyim: ngian¹ giu⁴
  - Sinological IPA: /ŋi̯an²⁴⁻¹¹ ki̯u⁵⁵/
- (Hailu, incl. Zhudong)
  - Hakka Romanization System: ngan^ˋ giu^ˇ
  - Sinological IPA: /ŋan⁵³ kiu¹¹/
- (Meixian)
  - Guangdong: ngan¹ giu¹
  - Sinological IPA: /ŋan⁴⁴ kiu⁴⁴/
Eastern Min
- (Fuzhou)
  - Bàng-uâ-cê: ngiĕng-géu
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /ŋieŋ⁵⁵⁻⁵³ ^(k-)ŋiɛu²¹³/
Puxian Min
- (Putian)
  - Pouseng Ping'ing: ngieng² giu⁴ [Phonetic: ngieng¹ giu⁴]
  - Báⁿ-uā-ci̍: ngiáng-giu̍
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /ŋiɛŋ¹³⁻⁵⁵ kiu⁴²/
- (Xianyou)
  - Pouseng Ping'ing: ngieng² giu⁴ [Phonetic: ngieng¹ giu⁴]
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /ŋiɛŋ²⁴⁻⁵⁵ kiu⁴²/
Southern Min
- (Hokkien)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: gián-kiù
  - Tâi-lô: gián-kiù
  - Phofsit Daibuun: giefnkiux
  - IPA (Xiamen): /ɡiɛn⁵³⁻⁴⁴ kiu²¹/
  - IPA (Quanzhou): /ɡiɛn⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ kiu⁴¹/
  - IPA (Zhangzhou): /ɡiɛn⁵³⁻⁴⁴ kiu²¹/
  - IPA (Taipei): /ɡiɛn⁵³⁻⁴⁴ kiu¹¹/
  - IPA (Kaohsiung): /ɡiɛn⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ kiu²¹/
- (Teochew)
  - Peng'im: ngiêng⁵ giu³ / ngiang⁵ giu³
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: ngiêng kiù / ngiâng kiù
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /ŋieŋ⁵⁵⁻¹¹ kiu²¹³/, /ŋiaŋ⁵⁵⁻¹¹ kiu²¹³/

Note:

ngiêng5 giu3 - Chaozhou;
ngiang5 giu3 - Shantou.

Wu
- (Northern: Shanghai)
  - Wugniu: ¹gni-cieu
  - MiniDict: nyi^平 cieu
  - Wiktionary Romanisation (Shanghai): ¹'nyi-jieu
  - Sinological IPA (Shanghai): /n̠ʲi⁵⁵ t͡ɕiɤ²¹/

Middle Chinese: ngenH kjuwH

Rime
Character	研	究
Reading #	1/1	1/1
Initial (聲)	疑 (31)	見 (28)
Final (韻)	先 (85)	尤 (136)
Tone (調)	Departing (H)	Departing (H)
Openness (開合)	Open	Open
Division (等)	IV	III
Fanqie	吾甸切	居祐切
Baxter	ngenH	kjuwH
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang Shangfang	/ŋen^H/	/kɨu^H/
Pan Wuyun	/ŋen^H/	/kiu^H/
Shao Rongfen	/ŋɛn^H/	/kiəu^H/
Edwin Pulleyblank	/ŋɛn^H/	/kuw^H/
Li Rong	/ŋen^H/	/kiu^H/
Wang Li	/ŋien^H/	/kĭəu^H/
Bernhard Karlgren	/ŋien^H/	/ki̯ə̯u^H/
Expected Mandarin Reflex	yàn	jiù
Expected Cantonese Reflex	jin⁶	gau³

Verb

研究

(intransitive, transitive) to research; to study
進行研究／进行研究 ― jìnxíng yánjiū ― to conduct research

研究方向 ― yánjiū fāngxiàng ― research direction

研究方法 ― yánjiū fāngfǎ ― research method

研究成果 ― yánjiū chéngguǒ ― research findings

科學研究／科学研究 ― kēxué yánjiū ― scientific research

研究對象／研究对象 ― yánjiū duìxiàng ― research subject

研究開發／研究开发 ― yánjiū kāifā ― to research and develop; to do R&D
(transitive) to deliberate; to discuss; to investigate
這個問題有待研究。 [MSC, trad.]
这个问题有待研究。 [MSC, simp.]
Zhège wèntí yǒudài yánjiū. [Pinyin]
This problem requires discussion.

Synonyms

(to research):

edit

探討 / 探讨 (tàntǎo)
摳 / 抠 (kōu)
查考 (chákǎo)
研修 (yánxiū)
研習 / 研习 (yánxí)
研討 / 研讨 (yántǎo)
精研 (jīngyán) (formal)
細究 / 细究 (xìjiū)
考究
調查 / 调查 (diàochá)
鑽 / 钻
鑽研 / 钻研 (zuānyán)

(to deliberate):

edit

交涉 (jiāoshè)
傾 / 倾 (king¹) (Cantonese, informal)
協商 / 协商 (xiéshāng)
協議 / 协议 (xiéyì)
口語 / 口语 (kǒuyǔ) (archaic)
商榷 (shāngquè) (chiefly in an academic context)
商討 / 商讨 (shāngtǎo)
商談 / 商谈 (shāngtán)
商議 / 商议 (shāngyì)
商量 (shāngliang)
接接 (Hokkien)
接洽 (jiēqià) (formal)
插話 / 插话 (Hokkien)
會談 / 会谈 (huìtán)
槌摃鐵 / 槌𫼱铁 (Hokkien)
比接 (Xiamen Hokkien, Zhangzhou Hokkien)
洽商 (qiàshāng)
洽談 / 洽谈 (qiàtán)
申論 / 申论 (shēnlùn)
磋商 (cuōshāng) (formal)
磋議 / 磋议 (cuōyì)
磨合 (móhé) (figurative)
觸牙 / 触牙 (Hokkien)
言說 / 言说 (yánshuō) (formal)
言論 / 言论 (yánlùn)
言辭 / 言辞 (yáncí) (literary)
計謀 / 计谋 (jìmóu) (literary)
計議 / 计议 (jìyì) (literary)
計較 / 计较
討論 / 讨论 (tǎolùn)
評 / 评 (píng) (literary, or in compounds)
評論 / 评论 (pínglùn)
說 / 说
說合 / 说合 (shuōhé)
說道 / 说道 (shuōdao) (colloquial)
談判 / 谈判 (tánpàn)
談論 / 谈论 (tánlùn)
謀慮 / 谋虑 (móulǜ) (literary)
講論 / 讲论 (jiǎnglùn)
議 / 议 (yì)
議論 / 议论 (yìlùn)
錦議 / 锦议 (Hokkien)
闡論 / 阐论 (chǎnlùn) (literary)

Related terms

研製／研制 (yánzhì)

Noun

研究

(countable, uncountable) research; study; investigation (Classifier: 項／项 m)
做一項研究／做一项研究 ― zuò yī xiàng yánjiū ― to conduct a research

可行性研究 ― kěxíngxìng yánjiū ― feasibility study

Synonyms

(investigation): 調查／调查 (diàochá)

Derived terms

中央研究院
作業研究 / 作业研究
個案研究 / 个案研究 (gè'àn yánjiū)
區域研究 / 区域研究 (qūyù yánjiū)
女性研究 (nǚxìng yánjiū)
婦女研究 / 妇女研究 (fùnǚ yánjiū)
學術研究 / 学术研究
實證研究 / 实证研究 (shízhèng yánjiū)
底邊研究 / 底边研究 (dǐbiān yánjiū)
性別研究 / 性别研究 (xìngbié yánjiū)
捷克研究 (jiékè yánjiū)
文化研究 (wénhuà yánjiū)
案例研究 (ànlì yánjiū)
研究員 / 研究员 (yánjiūyuán)
研究室
研究局 (yánjiūjú)
研究所 (yánjiūsuǒ)
研究會 / 研究会 (yánjiūhuì)
研究生 (yánjiūshēng)
研究者 (yánjiūzhě)
研究金 (yánjiūjīn)
研究院 (yánjiūyuàn)
研討 / 研讨 (yántǎo)
社會研究 / 社会研究 (shèhuì yánjiū)
科學研究 / 科学研究 (kēxué yánjiū)
翻譯研究 / 翻译研究 (fānyì yánjiū)
通信研究員 / 通信研究员
郵票研究 / 邮票研究 (yóupiào yánjiū)

Descendants

Sino-Xenic (研究):

→ Japanese: 研究(けんきゅう) (kenkyū)
→ Korean: 연구(硏究) (yeon'gu)
→ Vietnamese: nghiên cứu (研究)

Japanese

Kanji in this term
研	究
けん Grade: 3	きゅう Grade: 3
on'yomi

Alternative spelling
硏究 (kyūjitai)

Etymology

From Middle Chinese 研究 (ngen *kiu^H?). Compare modern Hakka ngiên-kiu, Eastern Min ngiĕng-géu, Min Nan gián-kiù.

The original on'yomi for the first character 研 was gen, more closely matching the Chinese origins. For reasons unknown, the reading shifted from gen to a kan'yō yomi of ken.

Pronunciation

(Tokyo) けんきゅう [kèńkyúú] (Heiban – [0])^[1]
IPA^(key): [kẽ̞ŋʲkʲɨː]

Noun

研(けん)究(きゅう) • (kenkyū)

a piece of research, a study, investigation
- 1928, 寺田寅彦, 雑感:
  間違(まちが)える事(こと)なしには研究(けんきゅう)は進(すす)められない。
  Machigaeru koto nashi ni wa kenkyū wa susumerarenai.
  Research cannot advance without mistakes along the way.

Derived terms

Verb

研(けん)究(きゅう)する • (kenkyū suru) suru (stem 研(けん)究(きゅう)し (kenkyū shi), past 研(けん)究(きゅう)した (kenkyū shita))

to research, to study
- 1931, 宮本百合子, 五ヵ年計画とソヴェトの芸術:
  これらの作品(さくひん)が研究(けんきゅう)された。
  Korera no sakuhin ga kenkyū sareta.
  These works have been studied.

Conjugation

Conjugation of "研究する" (See Appendix:Japanese verbs)

Katsuyōkei ("stem forms")
Mizenkei ("imperfective")	研究し	けんきゅうし	kenkyū shi
Ren’yōkei ("continuative")	研究し	けんきゅうし	kenkyū shi
Shūshikei ("terminal")	研究する	けんきゅうする	kenkyū suru
Rentaikei ("attributive")	研究する	けんきゅうする	kenkyū suru
Kateikei ("hypothetical")	研究すれ	けんきゅうすれ	kenkyū sure
Meireikei ("imperative")	研究せよ¹ 研究しろ²	けんきゅうせよ¹ けんきゅうしろ²	kenkyū seyo¹ kenkyū shiro²
Key constructions
Passive	研究される	けんきゅうされる	kenkyū sareru
Causative	研究させる研究さす	けんきゅうさせるけんきゅうさす	kenkyū saseru kenkyū sasu
Potential	研究できる	けんきゅうできる	kenkyū dekiru
Volitional	研究しよう	けんきゅうしよう	kenkyū shiyō
Negative	研究しない	けんきゅうしない	kenkyū shinai
Negative continuative	研究せず	けんきゅうせず	kenkyū sezu
Formal	研究します	けんきゅうします	kenkyū shimasu
Perfective	研究した	けんきゅうした	kenkyū shita
Conjunctive	研究して	けんきゅうして	kenkyū shite
Hypothetical conditional	研究すれば	けんきゅうすれば	kenkyū sureba
¹ Written imperative ² Spoken imperative

References

^ Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 [Daijirin] (in Japanese), Third edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN

Shōgaku Tosho (1988) 国語大辞典（新装版） [Unabridged Dictionary of Japanese (Revised Edition)] (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Shogakukan, →ISBN
2002, Ineko Kondō; Fumi Takano; Mary E Althaus; et. al., Shogakukan Progressive Japanese-English Dictionary, Third Edition, Tokyo: Shōgakukan, →ISBN.

Korean

Hanja in this term
研	究

Noun

研究 • (yeon'gu) (hangeul 연구)

alternative form of 硏究 (“research”)

Vietnamese

chữ Hán Nôm in this term
研	究

Verb

研究

chữ Hán form of nghiên cứu (“to research”)

[DJR-1] Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 [Daijirin] (in Japanese), Third edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN

[1]