酵

酵	U+9175, 酵 CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-9175

← 酴
[U+9174]

CJK Unified Ideographs

酶 →
[U+9176]

Translingual

Han character

酵 (Kangxi radical 164, 酉+7, 14 strokes, cangjie input 一田十大木 (MWJKD), four-corner 1464₇, composition ⿰酉孝)

References

Kangxi Dictionary: page 1283, character 12
Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 39868
Dae Jaweon: page 1783, character 8
Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 6, page 3582, character 8
Unihan data for U+9175

Chinese

trad.		酵
simp. ^#		酵

Glyph origin

Characters in the same phonetic series (孝) (Zhengzhang, 2003)

	Old Chinese
酵	*kruːs
窙	*qʰruː
哮	qʰruː, qʰruːs
庨	*qʰruː
涍	qʰruː, qʰruːs
孝	*qʰruːs

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 / 形声, OC *kruːs): semantic 酉 + phonetic 孝 (OC *qʰruːs) – fermenting in a vessel, making alcoholic drink. 孝 is composed of “young + old”, hence connotations of “aging (in a vase), fermentation”.

Etymology

In some lects, the pronunciation of 酵 (jiào) is the same as that of 孝 (xiào). This is the result of dubanbian (讀半邊／读半边 (dúbànbiān)).

Pronunciation

Mandarin
(Pinyin): jiào, xiào

(Zhuyin): ㄐㄧㄠˋ, ㄒㄧㄠˋ
Cantonese (Jyutping): haau¹ / gaau³ / haau³
Hakka
(Sixian, PFS): kau

(Meixian, Guangdong): gau⁴
Eastern Min (BUC): háu
Southern Min
(Hokkien, POJ): kàⁿ / hàu / kàu

(Teochew, Peng'im): gan³
Wu (Shanghai, Wugniu): ⁵ciau; ⁵shiau; ⁵kau

Mandarin
- (Standard Chinese, standard in Mainland)⁺
  - Hanyu Pinyin: jiào
  - Zhuyin: ㄐㄧㄠˋ
  - Tongyong Pinyin: jiào
  - Wade–Giles: chiao⁴
  - Yale: jyàu
  - Gwoyeu Romatzyh: jiaw
  - Palladius: цзяо (czjao)
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /t͡ɕi̯ɑʊ̯⁵¹/
- (Standard Chinese, standard in Taiwan; variant in Mainland)⁺
  - Hanyu Pinyin: xiào
  - Zhuyin: ㄒㄧㄠˋ
  - Tongyong Pinyin: siào
  - Wade–Giles: hsiao⁴
  - Yale: syàu
  - Gwoyeu Romatzyh: shiaw
  - Palladius: сяо (sjao)
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /ɕi̯ɑʊ̯⁵¹/
Cantonese
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
  - Jyutping: haau¹ / gaau³ / haau³
  - Yale: hāau / gaau / haau
  - Cantonese Pinyin: haau¹ / gaau³ / haau³
  - Guangdong Romanization: hao¹ / gao³ / hao³
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /haːu̯⁵⁵/, /kaːu̯³³/, /haːu̯³³/

Note:

haau1 - most common pronunciation;
gaau3 - prescribed pronunciation;
haau3 - variant.

Hakka
- (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Neipu)
  - Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: kau
  - Hakka Romanization System: gau
  - Hagfa Pinyim: gau⁴
  - Sinological IPA: /kau̯⁵⁵/
- (Meixian)
  - Guangdong: gau⁴
  - Sinological IPA: /kau⁵³/
Eastern Min
- (Fuzhou)
  - Bàng-uâ-cê: háu
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /hɑu²¹³/
Southern Min
- (Hokkien: Xiamen, Quanzhou, Zhangzhou, General Taiwanese)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: kàⁿ
  - Tâi-lô: kànn
  - Phofsit Daibuun: kvax
  - IPA (Xiamen, Zhangzhou, Kaohsiung): /kã²¹/
  - IPA (Quanzhou): /kã⁴¹/
  - IPA (Taipei): /kã¹¹/
- (Hokkien: Xiamen, Quanzhou, Zhangzhou)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: hàu
  - Tâi-lô: hàu
  - Phofsit Daibuun: haux
  - IPA (Xiamen, Zhangzhou): /hau²¹/
  - IPA (Quanzhou): /hau⁴¹/
- (Hokkien: Xiamen, Quanzhou, Zhangzhou)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: kàu
  - Tâi-lô: kàu
  - Phofsit Daibuun: kaux
  - IPA (Quanzhou): /kau⁴¹/
  - IPA (Xiamen, Zhangzhou): /kau²¹/

Note:

kàⁿ - vernacular;
hàu - colloquial variant;
kàu - literary.

(Teochew)
- Peng'im: gan³
- Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: kàⁿ
- Sinological IPA ^(key): /kã²¹³/

Wu
- (Northern: Shanghai)
  - Wugniu: ⁵ciau; ⁵shiau; ⁵kau
  - MiniDict: ciau^去; shiau^去; kau^去
  - Wiktionary Romanisation (Shanghai): ²jiau; ²xiau; ²kau
  - Sinological IPA (Shanghai): /t͡ɕiɔ³⁴/, /ɕiɔ³⁴/, /kɔ³⁴/

Middle Chinese: kaewH

Rime
Character	酵
Reading #	1/1
Initial (聲)	見 (28)
Final (韻)	肴 (90)
Tone (調)	Departing (H)
Openness (開合)	Open
Division (等)	II
Fanqie	古孝切
Baxter	kaewH
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang Shangfang	/kˠau^H/
Pan Wuyun	/kᵚau^H/
Shao Rongfen	/kau^H/
Edwin Pulleyblank	/kaɨw^H/
Li Rong	/kau^H/
Wang Li	/kau^H/
Bernhard Karlgren	/kau^H/
Expected Mandarin Reflex	jiào
Expected Cantonese Reflex	gaau³

Old Chinese
(Zhengzhang): /*kruːs/

Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character	酵
Reading #	1/1
No.	13766
Phonetic component	孝
Rime group	幽
Rime subdivision	1
Corresponding MC rime	敎
Old Chinese	/*kruːs/

Definitions

酵

yeast
to yeast
(Xiamen and Zhangzhou Hokkien) dough with yeast

Compounds

木瓜酵素 (mùguā jiàosù)
發酵 / 发酵 (fājiào)
發酵乳 / 发酵乳 (fājiàorǔ)
發酵乳酸 / 发酵乳酸
糖酵解 (tángjiàojiě)
酵母 (jiàomǔ)
酵母菌
酵素 (jiàosù)
酵素毒
醱酵 / 酦酵 (fājiào)
醱酵乳 / 酦酵乳

Japanese

Kanji

酵

(Jōyō kanji)

This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.

Readings

Go-on: きょう (kyō)
Kan-on: こう (kō, Jōyō)
Kun: もと (moto, 酵)

Compounds

Korean

Etymology

From Middle Chinese 酵 (MC kaewH). The original reading is 교 (gyo); the prominently-used 효 (hyo) is from a corrupted or unorthodox reading.

Historical readings

Recorded as Middle Korean 교〯 (kywǒ) (Yale: kyǒ) in Hunmong Jahoe (訓蒙字會 / 훈몽자회), 1527.

Pronunciation

(SK Standard/Seoul) IPA^(key): [ço(ː)] ~ [kjo(ː)]
Phonetic hangul: [효(ː)/교(ː)]
- Though still prescribed in Standard Korean, most speakers in both Koreas no longer distinguish vowel length.

Hanja

Wikisource

酵 (eumhun 삭힐 효 (sakhil hyo)), 酵 (eumhun 삭힐 교 (sakhil gyo))

hanja form^? of 효 (“yeast”)

Compounds

무교병 (無酵餠, mugyobyeong)
발효 (醱酵, balhyo)
효모 (酵母, hyomo)
효소 (酵素, hyoso)
효소학 (酵素學, hyosohak)

References

국제퇴계학회 대구경북지부 (國際退溪學會大邱慶北支部) (2007). Digital Hanja Dictionary, 전자사전／電子字典. [1]

Vietnamese

Han character

酵: Hán Nôm readings: diếu, giếu, dáo, giáo

This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.