𑀓𑀸𑀮

Ashokan Prakrit

Etymology

Etymology tree

Sanskrit काल (kāla)

Ashokan Prakrit 𑀓𑀸𑀮 (kāla)

Inherited from Sanskrit काल (kāla).

Noun

𑀓𑀸𑀮 (kāla) m

time
- c. 258 BCE, Aśoka, Minor Rock Edict 1 Brahmagiri.3-4:
  𑀇𑀫𑀺𑀦𑀸 𑀘𑀼 𑀓𑀸𑀮𑁂𑀦 𑀅𑀫𑀺𑀲𑀸 𑀲𑀫𑀸𑀦𑀸 𑀫𑀼𑀦𑀺𑀲𑀸 𑀚𑀁𑀩𑀼𑀤𑀻𑀧𑀲𑀺
  𑀫𑀺𑀲𑀸 𑀤𑁂𑀯𑁂𑀳𑀺
  iminā cu kālena amisā samānā munisā jaṃbudīpasi
  misā devehi
  But men in Jambudvīpa, being during that time unmingled, (are now) mingled with the gods.

Declension

Declension of 𑀓𑀸𑀮 (kāla)
	singular	plural
nominative	—	—
accusative	𑀓𑀸𑀮𑀁 kālaṃ	—
instrumental	𑀓𑀸𑀮𑁂𑀦, 𑀓𑀸𑀮𑁂𑀡 kālena, kāleṇa	—
dative	𑀓𑀸𑀮𑀸𑀬 kālāya	—
ablative	—	—
genitive	—	—
locative	—	—

Alternative forms

Attested at Brahmagiri, Jatinga-Rameshwara, Nittur, Panguraria, Rajula-Mandagiri, Rupnath, Siddapura, Udegolam and Yerragudi.

Dialectal forms of 𑀅𑀁𑀢𑀭 (“period of time”)
Variety	Location	Lemmas	Forms edit
Central	Kalsi	𑀅𑀁𑀢𑀮 (aṃtala)
	Rupnath	𑀓𑀸𑀮 (kāla)	𑀓𑀸𑀮𑀸𑀬 dat.sg (kālāya)
	Sahasram	𑀅𑀁𑀢𑀮 (aṃtala)	^?𑀅𑀁𑀢𑀮𑁂𑀦 ins.sg (aṃtalena)
	Gujarra	𑀅𑀁𑀢𑀭 (aṃtara)	𑀅𑀁𑀢𑀭𑁂𑀦𑀸 ins.sg (aṃtarenā)
	Panguraria	𑀓𑀸𑀮 (kāla)	𑀓𑀸𑀮𑀁 acc.sg (kālaṃ)
	Bahapur	𑀅𑀁𑀢𑀮 (aṃtala)	𑀅𑀁𑀢𑀮𑁂𑀦 ins.sg (aṃtalena)
	Ahraura	𑀅𑀁𑀢𑀮 (aṃtala)	^?𑀅𑀁𑀢𑀮𑁂𑀦 ins.sg (aṃtalena)
East	Dhauli	𑀅𑀁𑀢𑀮 (aṃtala)
East	Jaugada	𑀅𑀁𑀢𑀮 (aṃtala)
Northwest	Shahbazgarhi	𐨀𐨎𐨟𐨪 (aṃtara)
Northwest	Mansehra	𐨀𐨎𐨟𐨪 (aṃtara)
West	Girnar	𑀅𑀁𑀢𑀭 (aṃtara)
South	Yerragudi	𑀓𑀸𑀮 (kāla)	𑀓𑀸𑀮𑁂𑀦 ins.sg (kālena)
	Siddapura	𑀓𑀸𑀮 (kāla)	𑀓𑀸𑀮𑁂𑀦 ins.sg (kālena)
	Brahmagiri	𑀓𑀸𑀮 (kāla)	𑀓𑀸𑀮𑁂𑀦 ins.sg (kālena)
	Jatinga-Rameshwara	𑀓𑀸𑀮 (kāla)	^?𑀓𑀸𑀮𑁂𑀡 ins.sg (kāleṇa)
	Rajula-Mandagiri	𑀓𑀸𑀮 (kāla)	𑀓𑀸𑀮𑁂𑀦 ins.sg (kālena)
	Udegolam	𑀓𑀸𑀮 (kāla)	𑀓𑀸𑀮𑁂𑀡 ins.sg (kāleṇa)
	Nittur	𑀓𑀸𑀮 (kāla)	𑀓𑀸𑀮𑁂𑀦 ins.sg (kālena)
	Gavimath	𑀯𑁂𑀮𑀸 (velā)	𑀯𑁂𑀮𑀸𑀬𑀁 loc.sg (velāyaṃ)

Map of dialectal forms of 𑀅𑀁𑀢𑀭 (“period of time”)
𑀓𑀸𑀮 (kāla) (9) 𑀅𑀁𑀢𑀮 (aṃtala) (6) 𐨀𐨎𐨟𐨪 (aṃtara) (2) 𑀅𑀁𑀢𑀭 (aṃtara) (2) 𑀯𑁂𑀮𑀸 (velā) (1)

Descendants

Prakrit: 𑀓𑀸𑀮 (kāla) (see there for further descendants)

References

Andersen, Paul Kent (1990) “kāla-”, in Studies in the Minor Rock Edicts of Aśoka, Freiburg: Hedwig Falk, page 146
Turner, Ralph Lilley (1969–1985) “kālá²”, in A Comparative Dictionary of the Indo-Aryan Languages, London: Oxford University Press, page 157

Prakrit

Etymology 1

Etymology tree

Proto-Dravidian *kārder.

Sanskrit काल (kāla)

Prakrit 𑀓𑀸𑀮 (kāla)

Inherited from Sanskrit काल (kāla, “black, dark blue”).^[1]

Adjective

𑀓𑀸𑀮 (kāla) (Devanagari काल) ^[2]

black, dark

Derived terms

𑀓𑀸𑀮𑀬 (kālaya)

Descendants

Central Indo-Aryan:
- Awadhi: करिआ (kariā)
- Domaaki: کال (kāla)
- Hindustani:
  Hindi: काला (kālā), कालिया (kāliyā)
  
  Urdu: کَالَا (kālā), کَالِیَا (kāliyā)
- Romani: kalo
  - Angloromani: kalo, kala, kali, kalli, kallo, kawla, kawlo, kawlu, kora, kowlo, kula
  - Caló: caló (“tanned, dark-skinned; Romani”)
    - → Catalan: caló, calé
    - → Portuguese: caló, calão
    - → Spanish: caló
Eastern Indo-Aryan:
- Assamese: ক’লা (kola)
- Bengali: কালো (kalō), কালা (kala)
- Bihari:
  - Bhojpuri: कारी (kārī), करिया (kariyā), करिआ (kariā)
  - Magahi: करिआ (kariā)
  - Maithili: कारी (kārī), कारि (kārɨ), करिया (kariyā)
- Odia: କଲା (kalā)
Insular Indo-Aryan:
- Dhivehi: ކަޅު (kaḷu)
- Sinhalese: කළු (kaḷu), කැලි (kæli)
Northern Indo-Aryan:
- Kumaoni: कालो (kālo), काव (kāw)
- Nepali: कालो (kālo)
- Bhadrawahi: काओ (kāo)
- Jaunsari: कावो (kāvo)
Northwestern Indo-Aryan:
- Punjabi:
  Gurmukhi script: ਕਾਲ਼ਾ (kāḷā)
  
  Shahmukhi script: کالا (kālā)
- Saraiki: کالا (kālā)
- Sindhi:
  Arabic script: ڪارو (kāro)
  
  Devanagari script: कारो (kāro)
Southern Indo-Aryan:
- Konkani: kāḷễ, kāḷo
  Devanagari script: काळें, काळो
  
  Kannada script: ಕಾಳೆಂ, ಕಾಳೊ
  
  Latin script: kallem, kallo
- Marathi: काळा (kāḷā)
Western Indo-Aryan:
- Old Gujarati:
  - Gujarati: કાળું (kāḷũ), કાળિયું (kāḷiyũ)
  - Marwari: काळो (kāḷo)

Etymology 2

Etymology tree

Sanskrit काल (kāla)

Ashokan Prakrit 𑀓𑀸𑀮 (kāla)

Prakrit 𑀓𑀸𑀮 (kāla)

Inherited from Ashokan Prakrit 𑀓𑀸𑀮 (kāla), from Sanskrit काल (kālá, “time”).^[3]

Noun

𑀓𑀸𑀮 (kāla) m (Devanagari काल) ^[2]

Descendants

Central Indo-Aryan:
- Romani: kal
- Hindustani:
  - Hindi: काल (kāl), काला (kālā)
  - Urdu: کَال (kāl), کَالَا (kālā)
  - → Maithili: काल (kāl)
Eastern Indo-Aryan:
- Assamese: কাল (kal)
- Bengali: কাল (kal)
- Chakma: 𑄇𑄣𑄴 (kāl)
- Odia: କାଳ (kāḷa)
Northern Indo-Aryan:
- Central Pahari:
  - Garhwali: काळ (kāḷ)
  - Kumaoni: काल (kāl), काव (kāw), कार (kār)
- Eastern Pahari:
  - Nepali: काल (kāl)
- Western Pahari:
  - Pangwali: काल (kāl)
Northwestern Indo-Aryan:
- Punjabi:
  Gurmukhi script: ਕਾਲ (kāl)
  
  Shahmukhi script: کَال (kāl)
- Sindhi:
  Arabic script: ڪَالُ (kālu)
  
  Devanagari script: कालु (kālu)
  - Jadgali: [script needed] (kā'ḷ)
Insular Indo-Aryan:
- Sinhalese: කල (kala)
Southern Indo-Aryan:
- Konkani: kāḷu
  Devanagari script: काळु
  
  Kannada script: ಕಾಳು
  
  Latin script: kallu
- Marathi: काळ (kāḷ)
Western Indo-Aryan:
- Old Gujarati:
  - Gujarati: કાળ (kāḷ)
  - Old Marwari: काल (kāl)

References

^ Turner, Ralph Lilley (1969–1985) “kāla¹”, in A Comparative Dictionary of the Indo-Aryan Languages, London: Oxford University Press, page 157
↑ ^2.0 ^2.1 Sheth, Hargovind Das T[rikamcand] (1923–1928) “काल”, in पाइअ-सद्द-महण्णवो [pāia-sadda-mahaṇṇavo, Ocean of Prakrit words] (in Hindi), Calcutta: [Published by the Author].
^ Turner, Ralph Lilley (1969–1985) “kālá²”, in A Comparative Dictionary of the Indo-Aryan Languages, London: Oxford University Press, page 157

[1] Turner, Ralph Lilley (1969–1985) “kāla¹”, in A Comparative Dictionary of the Indo-Aryan Languages, London: Oxford University Press, page 157

[sheth-2] 2.0 ^2.1 Sheth, Hargovind Das T[rikamcand] (1923–1928) “काल”, in पाइअ-सद्द-महण्णवो [pāia-sadda-mahaṇṇavo, Ocean of Prakrit words] (in Hindi), Calcutta: [Published by the Author].

[3] Turner, Ralph Lilley (1969–1985) “kālá²”, in A Comparative Dictionary of the Indo-Aryan Languages, London: Oxford University Press, page 157

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