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This Proto-Germanic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.
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Proto-Germanic
Etymology
Of uncertain origin.[1][2] Orel tentatively suggests the word to be a metathesized derivative of *ganganą (“to go, walk, step”).[3]
Pronunciation
Preposition
*gagin
- towards, in the direction of [with dative]
- against [with accusative]
Derived terms
Descendants
- Proto-West Germanic: *gagin
- Old English: ġeġn, gæġn, ġēan
- Old Frisian: jēn, jōn
- Old Saxon: gegin, gigin, gagan
- Middle Low German: gēgen, jēgen
- Low German: giegen (Münsterländisch); gegen
- ⇒ Low German: tiegen (Münsterländisch); tegen (from to giegen, to gegen)
- Old Dutch: gegin
- Middle Dutch: jegen, jeghen
- ⇒ Middle Dutch: tegen, tjegen (from te jegen)
- Dutch: tegen
- Afrikaans: teen
- Negerhollands: tegen, teegen
- Skepi Creole Dutch: tagen
- → Caribbean Javanese: tékhe
- ⇒ Middle Dutch: jeghens
- Old High German: gagan
- Old Norse: gegn
- Icelandic: gegn
- Faroese: gjøgn
- Norwegian:
- Old Swedish: gēn
- Danish: gen-
- → Middle English: gayn, geyn, gein, gain, gayne, gaine
- English: gain (obsolete, dialectal)
- Scots: gain
- ⇒ Old Norse: gegnum (dative) (see there for further descendants)
- ⇒ Old Norse: í gegn
- Faroese: ígjøgn
- Norwegian: igjen
- Jamtish: igjann
- Old Swedish: ī gēn
- Danish: igen
References
- ^ Friedrich Kluge (1883) “gegen”, in John Francis Davis, transl., Etymological Dictionary of the German Language, published 1891
- ^ van der Sijs, Nicoline, editor (2010), “jegens”, in Etymologiebank, Meertens Institute
- ^ Vladimir Orel (2003) “*3a3nē̆”, in A Handbook of Germanic Etymology[1], Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 122