Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/gudą

This Proto-Germanic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Germanic

Etymology

    Unknown. Traditionally derived from Proto-Indo-European *ǵʰutóm (neuter past participle), either meaning “(that which is) invoked”, from *ǵʰewH- (“to call, to invoke”), or “libated, poured as part of a liquid offering”, from *ǵʰew- (“to pour”), perhaps via the earlier meaning of “[libation made to an] idol” or “spirit immanent in a burial mound”. However, the derivation from *ǵʰewH- would normally result in long ū, and the root *ǵʰew- only occurs in Germanic in the extended form *ǵʰewd-.

    Another hypothesis is a derivation from Proto-Indo-European *gʷʰutóm, connected to Old Church Slavonic говѣти (gověti, “to revere”)[1] (see Proto-Slavic *gověti). A non-Indo-European origin has also been proposed.[2]

    Pronunciation

    • IPA(key): /ˈɣu.ðɑ̃/

    Noun

    *gudą n

    1. god, deity
      Synonyms: *ansuz, *tīwaz

    Inflection

    Declension of *gudą (neuter a-stem)
    singular plural
    nominative *gudą *gudō
    vocative *gudą *gudō
    accusative *gudą *gudō
    genitive *gudas, *gudis *gudǫ̂
    dative *gudai *gudamaz
    instrumental *gudō *gudamiz

    Reconstruction notes

    The word was originally neuter, but with the spread of Christianity it eventually became masculine when referring to the Christian god.

    Derived terms

    Descendants

    • Proto-West Germanic: *god
      • Old English: god
      • Old Frisian: god
        • North Frisian:
          • Föhr-Amrum: God
        • Saterland Frisian: God
        • West Frisian: god, God
      • Old Saxon: god
      • Old Dutch: got
      • Old High German: got, cot
        • Middle High German: got
          • Alemannic German: Gott
          • Bavarian:
          • Central Franconian: Jott
          • German: Gott
          • Low German:
            • German Low German:
          • Rhine Franconian:
            • Pennsylvania German: Gott
          • Yiddish: גאָט (got)
    • Old Norse: goð n, guð m, ᚴᚢᚦ (kuþ), ᚷᚢᛞ (ɢuᴅ), ᚷᚢᚦ (ɢuþ) — Runic form
      • Icelandic: guð m
      • Faroese: Gud, gudur
      • Norwegian Nynorsk: gud m
      • Elfdalian: guð
      • Old Swedish: guþ n or m
      • Danish: gud c
        • Norwegian Bokmål: gud
        • → Greenlandic: guuti
      • Gutnish: gud, gu
    • Gothic: 𐌲𐌿𐌸 (guþ)

    References

    1. ^ Kroonen, Guus (2013) “*guda-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11)‎[1], Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 193
    2. ^ Beekes, R. S. (2000). "God is Non-Indo-European". Amsterdamer Beiträge zur älteren Germanistik, 54, page 27.

    Further reading

    • Watkins, Calvert, ed., The American Heritage Dictionary of Indo-European Roots, 2nd ed., Houghton Mifflin Co., 2000.
    • Heinrich Meidinger, Vergleichendes etymologisches Wörterbuch der gothisch-teutonischen Mundarten, 1833], page 159
    • Fick, August (1909) Vergleichendes Wörterbuch der indogermanischen Sprachen (in German), 4th edition, volume III, bearbeitet von Adalbert Bezzenberger, Hjalmar Falk, August Fick, Whitley Stokes, Alf Torp, Göttingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, page 136
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