Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/harduz

This Proto-Germanic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Germanic

Etymology

Traditionally derived from Proto-Indo-European *kort-ús, from a Schwebeablaut o-grade formation of *kret- (“strong, powerful”), and compared with Ancient Greek κρατύς (kratús, “strong”), Ancient Greek κράτος (krátos, “strength, power, dominion”). Kroonen appears skeptical enough, however, to espouse an alternative derivation from Strunk and Heidermanns from Proto-Indo-European *(s)ker- (“to cut”), comparing Lithuanian kartùs (“bitter”) and Proto-Slavic *kortъ̀kъ (“short”) (though he is not skeptical enough to offer this latter theory as the main etymology).[1]

Compare also Ashkun kāṭ (“strength”), Kamkata-viri koṭ (“strength”), Prasuni kaṭ (“strength”), Waigali kāṭ (“strength”).

Pronunciation

  • IPA(key): /ˈxɑr.ðuz/

Adjective

*harduz (comparative *hardizô, superlative *hardistaz)

  1. hard
  2. brave

Inflection

Declension of *harduz (u-stem)
Strong declension
singular plural
masculine feminine neuter masculine feminine neuter
nominative *harduz *hardī *hardų, *-jatō *hardijai *hardijôz *hardijō
accusative *hardijanǭ *hardijǭ *hardų, *-jatō *hardijanz *hardijōz *hardijō
genitive *hardijas, *hardīs *hardijaizōz *hardijas, *hardīs *hardijaizǫ̂ *hardijaizǫ̂ *hardijaizǫ̂
dative *hardijammai *hardijaizōi *hardijammai *hardijaimaz *hardijaimaz *hardijaimaz
instrumental *hardijanō *hardijaizō *hardijanō *hardijaimiz *hardijaimiz *hardijaimiz
Weak declension
singular plural
masculine feminine neuter masculine feminine neuter
nominative *hardijô *hardijǭ *hardijô *hardijaniz *hardijōniz *hardijōnō
accusative *hardijanų *hardijōnų *hardijô *hardijanunz *hardijōnunz *hardijōnō
genitive *hardīniz *hardijōniz *hardīniz *hardijanǫ̂ *hardijōnǫ̂ *hardijanǫ̂
dative *hardīni *hardijōni *hardīni *hardijammaz *hardijōmaz *hardijammaz
instrumental *hardīnē *hardijōnē *hardīnē *hardijammiz *hardijōmiz *hardijammiz

Derived terms

Descendants

References

  1. ^ Kroonen, Guus (2013) “*hardu-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11)‎[1], Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 211
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