Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/huppōną

This Proto-Germanic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Germanic

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /ˈxup.pɔː.nɑ̃/

Etymology 1

From a pre-Germanic iterative *kuP-néh₂-(ye-)ti, usually derived from Proto-Indo-European *kewb-, *ḱewb- (“to bend; a bend, joint”). Compare Latin cubō (“I recline”), Ancient Greek κύβος (kúbos, “hollow in the hips”), Albanian sup (“shoulder”), Sanskrit शुप्ति (śúpti, “shoulder”), Proto-Germanic *hupiz (“hip”). The semantic development would be “to bend the knees” > “to jump”.

However, Kroonen argues that the root must be *kup- with final *p, in view of Middle Dutch hobben, and adduces Old Church Slavonic къпѣти (kŭpěti, “to hop”) as a cognate.^[1] Compare hobby, hub (with German Hubbel) and hump. Tentatively compare also Ancient Greek κύπτω (kúptō, “to stoop, hunch”), Lithuanian kuprà (“hump”), and Old High German hofar, hofir (“hump”).

Possibly sound-symbolic; compare Proto-Finnic *hüp'äit'äk.

Verb

*huppōną^[2]^[1]

to move up and down; hop

Inflection

Conjugation of (weak class 2)
present tense	indicative	subjunctive	imperative	indicative	subjunctive
	active voice			passive voice
1st singular	*huppō	*huppǭ	—	*huppōi	?
2nd singular	*huppōsi	*huppōs	*huppō	*huppōsai	*huppōsau
3rd singular	*huppōþi	*huppō	*huppōþau	*huppōþai	*huppōþau
1st dual	*huppōs	*huppōw	—	—	—
2nd dual	*huppōþiz	*huppōþiz	*huppōþiz	—	—
1st plural	*huppōmaz	*huppōm	—	*huppōnþai	*huppōnþau
2nd plural	*huppōþ	*huppōþ	*huppōþ	*huppōnþai	*huppōnþau
3rd plural	*huppōnþi	*huppōn	*huppōnþau	*huppōnþai	*huppōnþau

past tense	indicative	subjunctive
1st singular	*huppōdǭ	*huppōdēdį̄
2nd singular	*huppōdēz	*huppōdēdīz
3rd singular	*huppōdē	*huppōdēdī
1st dual	*huppōdēdū	*huppōdēdīw
2nd dual	*huppōdēdudiz	*huppōdēdīdiz
1st plural	*huppōdēdum	*huppōdēdīm
2nd plural	*huppōdēdud	*huppōdēdīd
3rd plural	*huppōdēdun	*huppōdēdīn

	present	past
participles	*huppōndz	*huppōdaz

Alternative forms

*hubbōną^[1]

Related terms

*hupiz (“hip”) (possibly)
*huppijaną

Descendants

Proto-West Germanic: *huppōn, *hoppōn
- Old English: hoppian
  - Middle English: hoppen; hobelen
    - English: hop; hobble
    - Scots: hop
- Old Frisian: *huppia, *hoppia
  - Saterland Frisian: hupje, hopje
    - ⇒ Saterland Frisian: huppelje
  - West Frisian: hopje, hobje
- Old Saxon: *huppōn, *hoppōn
  - Middle Low German: huppen; huppelen
    - German Low German: huppeln, hoppeln
- Old Dutch: *hoppon, *hobbon
  - Middle Dutch: hoppen, hobben; hoppelen, hobbelen, hobelen; huppelen
    - Dutch: hoppen, hobben; hobbelen; huppelen
      - Afrikaans: hop; hobbel
- Old High German: *hopfōn, *hoppōn (pp Central German and/or < bb)
  - Middle High German: hopfen, hoppen
    - German: hoppen (rare)
    - ⇒ Middle High German: hoppeln
      - German: hoppeln
  - ⇒ Old High German: hoppazzen
    - Middle High German: hoppezen, hopfzen
      - German: hopsen
        → German Low German: hopsen
- → Old French: hober, ober
  - ⇒ Old French: hobin, hobi, obin
    - Middle French: hobin, haubby, aubin
      - French: aubin
    - → Middle English: hobin, hobyn, hoby
      - English: hobby, hobbyhorse
Old Norse: hoppa
- Icelandic: hoppa
- Faroese: hoppa
- Norwegian Nynorsk: hoppa
- Old Swedish: hoppa, huppa
  - Swedish: hoppa, (dialectal) hôpp
- Danish: hoppe
  - Norwegian Bokmål: hoppe
→ Proto-Samic: *këppëtēk (see there for further descendants)

Etymology 2

A secondary zero grade iterative. Possibly from Proto-Indo-European *kemp- (“to turn, bend”), assuming the -m- is a nasal infix.^[3] The relation of said root to *kh₂em- (“to bend, curve”), if any, is uncertain.

Verb

*huppōną^[3]

to turn back, retreat
to step backwards

Inflection

Conjugation of (weak class 2)
present tense	indicative	subjunctive	imperative	indicative	subjunctive
	active voice			passive voice
1st singular	*huppō	*huppǭ	—	*huppōi	?
2nd singular	*huppōsi	*huppōs	*huppō	*huppōsai	*huppōsau
3rd singular	*huppōþi	*huppō	*huppōþau	*huppōþai	*huppōþau
1st dual	*huppōs	*huppōw	—	—	—
2nd dual	*huppōþiz	*huppōþiz	*huppōþiz	—	—
1st plural	*huppōmaz	*huppōm	—	*huppōnþai	*huppōnþau
2nd plural	*huppōþ	*huppōþ	*huppōþ	*huppōnþai	*huppōnþau
3rd plural	*huppōnþi	*huppōn	*huppōnþau	*huppōnþai	*huppōnþau

past tense	indicative	subjunctive
1st singular	*huppōdǭ	*huppōdēdį̄
2nd singular	*huppōdēz	*huppōdēdīz
3rd singular	*huppōdē	*huppōdēdī
1st dual	*huppōdēdū	*huppōdēdīw
2nd dual	*huppōdēdudiz	*huppōdēdīdiz
1st plural	*huppōdēdum	*huppōdēdīm
2nd plural	*huppōdēdud	*huppōdēdīd
3rd plural	*huppōdēdun	*huppōdēdīn

	present	past
participles	*huppōndz	*huppōdaz

Descendants

⇒ Proto-West Germanic: *andihupōn
- Old English: onhupian
Old Norse: hopa
- Icelandic: hopa
- Faroese: hopa
- Norwegian Nynorsk: hoppa, hopa, hobba (dialectal)
- Danish: hoppe (dialectal)

References

↑ ^1.0 ^1.1 ^1.2 Kroonen, Guus (2013) “*hupp/bōn- 2”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11)‎^[1], Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 258
^ Vladimir Orel (2003) “*xuppōjanan”, in A Handbook of Germanic Etymology‎^[2], Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 194
↑ ^3.0 ^3.1 Kroonen, Guus (2013) “*hupp/bōn- 1”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11)‎^[3], Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 257

[EDPG_1-1] 1.0 ^1.1 ^1.2 Kroonen, Guus (2013) “*hupp/bōn- 2”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11)‎^[1], Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 258

[HGE-2] Vladimir Orel (2003) “*xuppōjanan”, in A Handbook of Germanic Etymology‎^[2], Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 194

[EDPG_2-3] 3.0 ^3.1 Kroonen, Guus (2013) “*hupp/bōn- 1”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11)‎^[3], Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 257

[1]

[2]

[3]