Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/izwiz

This Proto-Germanic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Germanic

Etymology

Ringe (2017: 235) cites two possibilities: (1) citing Katz (1998: 102-5, 110-12), from PIE Proto-Indo-European *uswé, an oblique form of *yúHs that then underwent apheresis to *swé, and in turn a prop vowel *I was added to create *iswé, with further changes and analogies leading to hypothetical accusative *is and dative-instrumental *izwiz, with the latter eventually replacing the former in form. (2) citing Michael Weiss (p.c.), dissimilation to *iswé took place. In either case, an instrumental plural in *-is was formed on the model of the 1pl.

Pronunciation

  • IPA(key): /ˈiz.wiz/

Pronoun

*izwiz

  1. accusative/dative/instrumental of *jūz

Descendants

  • West Germanic: *iwwi (from dative/accusative of *jīz)
    • Old English: ēow
      • Middle English: yow
      • ⇒ Old English: ēowic (with -c from the singular accusative pronouns)
    • Old Frisian: jū, iu, jō, io
      • North Frisian: juu
      • Saterland Frisian: jou, Jou
      • West Frisian: jo
    • Old Saxon: iu, eu, iuu, giu
    • Old Dutch: iu
      • Middle Dutch: u, ju
        • Dutch: u
    • Old Dutch: *jū (northern variant)
    • Old High German: iu
      • Middle High German: iu
        • Alemannic German: öi
      • ⇒ Old High German: iuwih (with -h from the singular accusative pronouns)
  • Old West Norse: yðr, iðʀ — Old East Norse
  • Old East Norse: iðʀ, yðr — Old West Norse
    • Old Swedish: iþer, idher
    • Danish: eder, jer
      • Norwegian Bokmål: eder
    • → Norwegian: (dialectal) der, dere
      • → Norwegian Bokmål: dere
  • Gothic: 𐌹𐌶𐍅𐌹𐍃 (izwis)
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