Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/dʰeyǵʰ-

This Proto-Indo-European entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Indo-European

    Root

    *dʰeyǵʰ-[1][2][3][4][5]

    1. to knead
    2. to form, to shape

    Derived terms

    Terms derived from the Proto-Indo-European root *dʰeyǵʰ- (34 c, 0 e)
    • *dʰéyǵʰ-ti ~ *dʰiǵʰ-énti (athematic root present)
      • Proto-Germanic: *diganą (see there for further descendants)
      • Proto-Indo-Iranian: *dáyždʰi
        • Proto-Indo-Aryan:
        • Proto-Iranian:
          • Middle Persian: [script needed] (dys- /⁠dēs-⁠/, “to build”) (with secondary -s-)
    • *dʰi-né-ǵʰ-ti ~ *dʰi-n-ǵʰ-énti (nasal-infix present)
    • *dʰoyǵʰ-éye-ti (eye-causative)
      • Proto-Indo-Iranian:
        • Proto-Iranian:
          • ⇒ Avestan: 𐬞𐬀𐬌𐬭𐬌𐬛𐬀𐬉𐬰𐬀𐬌𐬌𐬄𐬥 (pairidaēzaiiąn, 3pl.subj.) (+ *pari-)
    • *dʰéyǵʰ-os ~ *dʰéyǵʰ-es-os
    • *dʰiǵʰ-ró-s
      • Proto-Germanic: *digraz (“big, thick”) (see there for further descendants)
    • *dʰiǵʰ-lo-s[6]
      • Proto-Italic: *fiɣlos
    • *dʰiǵʰ-tó-s
      • Proto-Indo-Iranian: *dʰiždʰás
        • Proto-Indo-Aryan:
        • Proto-Iranian:
          • ⇒ Avestan: 𐬎𐬰𐬛𐬌𐬱𐬙𐬀 (uzdišta) (+ *uz-)
      • Proto-Italic: *fiktos
        • Faliscan: 𐌚𐌉𐌕𐌀 (fita)
        • Latin: fictus (see there for further descendants)
    • *dʰóyǵʰ-o-s (“that which is kneaded, formed”)[4][6][7]
    • *dʰoyǵʰ-yeh₂
      • Proto-Balto-Slavic: *daiźjāˀ
        • Proto-Slavic: *děža (see there for further descendants)
    • *dʰoyǵʰ-y-on- or *dʰoyǵʰ-i-Hon-
      • Proto-Germanic: *daigijǭ (“breadmaker, dairymaid, dey”) (see there for further descendants)
    • *dʰiǵʰ- f[6]
      • Proto-Indo-Iranian:
      • ⇒ Proto-Indo-Iranian: *dʰiȷ́ʰás[8]
        • Proto-Iranian: *dijáh
          • Bactrian: λιζα (liza), λιζο (lizo) (< *dizā-)
          • Khwarezmian: dyzʾ
          • Northern Kurdish: diz (diz)
          • → Middle Persian: KLYTA / dc (diz, “fortress”) (borrowed from a Northwestern Iranian language); Manichaean: dyz (diz)
          • Old Persian: 𐎮𐎡𐎭𐎠 (didā-, “fortress”)
          • Parthian: dyz (diz)
          • Sogdian: [script needed] (ẟyz), [script needed] (ẟyzʾ /⁠δizā⁠/)
    • Unsorted formations:
      • Proto-Italic:
        • Latin: figūra (see there for further descendants)
      • Proto-Indo-Iranian:
        • Proto-Indo-Aryan:

    From a metathesized form *ǵʰeydʰ-:

    • *ǵʰéydʰ-y-eh₂-ti (innovative denominative present)
      • Proto-Balto-Slavic: *źeidā́ˀtei
        • Lithuanian: žiẽsti
        • Proto-Slavic: *zьdati (see there for further descendants)
    • *ǵʰeydʰ-o-s, *ǵʰеydʰ-i-s
      • Proto-Balto-Slavic: *źéidas, *źеidis
        • Old Prussian: seydis (i.e. zeydis, with s- due to German orthography)
        • Proto-Slavic: *zidъ, *zьdь (see there for further descendants)

    Descendants

    • Proto-Indo-Iranian:

    References

    1. ^ Rix, Helmut, editor (2001), Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben [Lexicon of Indo-European Verbs] (in German), 2nd edition, Wiesbaden: Dr. Ludwig Reichert Verlag, →ISBN, pages 140-141
    2. ^ Kroonen, Guus (2013) Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11)‎[1], Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN
    3. ^ De Vaan, Michiel (2008) “fingō”, in Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, pages 221-222
    4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 Beekes, Robert S. P. (2010) “τεῖχος”, in Etymological Dictionary of Greek (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 10), volume II, with the assistance of Lucien van Beek, Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, pages 1458-1459
    5. ^ Ringe, Donald (2006) From Proto-Indo-European to Proto-Germanic (A Linguistic History of English; 1)‎[2], Oxford: Oxford University Press, →ISBN
    6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 6.2 Wodtko, Dagmar S., Irslinger, Britta, Schneider, Carolin (2008) Nomina im indogermanischen Lexikon [Nouns in the Indo-European Lexicon] (in German), Heidelberg: Universitätsverlag Winter, pages 118-119
    7. ^ Olsen, Birgit Anette (1999) The noun in Biblical Armenian: origin and word-formation: with special emphasis on the Indo-European heritage (Trends in linguistics. Studies and monographs; 119), Berlin, New York: Mouton de Gruyter, page 204
    8. ^ Rastorgujeva, V. S., Edelʹman, D. I. (2003) Etimologičeskij slovarʹ iranskix jazykov [Etymological Dictionary of Iranian Languages] (in Russian), volume II, Moscow: Vostochnaya Literatura, pages 311—316
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