Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/éti

This Proto-Indo-European entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Indo-European

Alternative reconstructions

Etymology

    De Vaan proposes an old locative singular of *h₁et-,[1][2] reflected in Sanskrit अत् (at, “to go”), as he explains “Originally used to add something to a previous utterance, or to indicate the sequence of different actions”. Compare *h₂énti and *h₁épi/*h₁ópi for similar derivations of particles in *-i. Beekes and Derksen give the same etymology provided by De Vaan.[3][4] Ringe, however, reconstructs it as *éti.[5]

    Alternatively, Dunkel prefers a derivation from *e- +‎ *-ti (ablative suffix) as "from there" > "beyond".[6]

    Adverb

    *éti[5][6]

    1. beyond
      Synonym: *h₂epóterom
    2. over
      Synonym: *upér
    3. and
      Synonyms: *de, *-kʷe

    Reconstruction notes

    Conflated in some descendants with *h₂et- (“but, yet; and?”); see there for more.

    Descendants

    • (?) Proto-Armenian:
      • Old Armenian: -է (-ē)
    • Proto-Balto-Slavic: *ati (from *h₁óti, unless from *h₂éti)
      • Lithuanian: at- (“back, away”)
      • Latvian: at- (“back away”)
      • Old Prussian: et-, at-
      • Proto-Slavic: *otъ, *i (see there for further descendants)
    • Proto-Celtic: *ati- (see there for further descendants)
    • Proto-Germanic: *idi, *idi- (see there for further descendants)
    • Proto-Hellenic:
      • Ancient Greek: ἔτι (éti, “yet”)
    • Proto-Indo-Iranian: *áti
      • Proto-Indo-Aryan: *áti
        • Sanskrit: अति (áti) (see there for further descendants)
      • Proto-Iranian: *áti
        • Younger Avestan: 𐬀𐬌𐬙𐬌 (aiti)
        • Old Persian: 𐎠𐎫𐎹 (a-t-y /⁠atiy⁠/)
    • Proto-Italic: *et
      • Latin: et (“and”) (see there for further descendants)
    • Proto-Tocharian: *āté[7]
      • Tocharian B: ate
    • Proto-Tocharian:
      • Tocharian B: -ṣ

    References

    1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 De Vaan, Michiel (2008) “et”, in Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 195
    2. ^ Schrijver, Peter (1991) The Reflexes of the Proto-Indo-European Laryngeals in Latin, in Leiden Studies in Indo-European, Volume: 2, page 36
    3. ^ Beekes, Robert S. P. (2010) “ἔτῐ”, in Etymological Dictionary of Greek (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 10), with the assistance of Lucien van Beek, Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 476
    4. ^ Derksen, Rick (2015) “at”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Baltic Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 13), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, pages 65-66
    5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 Ringe, Donald (2006) From Proto-Indo-European to Proto-Germanic (A Linguistic History of English; 1)‎[1], Oxford: Oxford University Press, →ISBN, page 104
    6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 Dunkel, George E. (2014) Lexikon der indogermanischen Partikeln und Pronominalstämme [Lexicon of Indo-European Particles and Pronominal Stems] (in German), volume 2: Lexikon, Heidelberg: Universitätsverlag Winter, →ISBN, pages 260-264
    7. ^ Adams, Douglas Q. (2013) “ate”, in A Dictionary of Tocharian B: Revised and Greatly Enlarged (Leiden Studies in Indo-European; 10), Amsterdam, New York: Rodopi, →ISBN, page 10
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