Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/kew(H)-

This Proto-Indo-European entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Indo-European

Alternative reconstructions

  • *kew-, *kaw-, *kū-[1]

Etymology

Likely onomatopoeic in origin.

Root

*kew(H)-

  1. to cry out, call, howl, shriek
  2. to wail (in lament)
  3. Derives some names of noisy birds.

Reconstruction notes

  • The probable reason for the many inconsistent reconstructions is that this is an onomatopoeic set, lumping together similar roots,[2] or perhaps root "variants", or quasi-roots that obfuscate the true PIE situation, rather than one original root. Pokorny inexplicably grouped the palatovelar-initial roots (“Mit anlaut. Palatal”) *ḱew-, *ḱewk- and *ḱūk- with this root and its extensions; such a connection is likewise formally impossible with regard to known sound laws, rather based on superficial similarities between what were probably different (formally irreconcilable) expressions of the same essential onomatopoeia.
  • The “extended” *kew-k- may be influenced by reduplication, or it can be considered an unrelated root *kewk-.

Derived terms

  • *ków(Η)-ti (o-grade athematic present)
    • Proto-Indo-Iranian: *káwti
  • *kew(H)-kúH-, *kow-kúH- ("intensive" reduplication)[1]
    • ⇒? Proto-Hellenic: *kū-kū́-ō
    • ⇒ Proto-Indo-Iranian: (from the deponent ye-present) *čawkūyatay, *kawkūyatay
      • Proto-Indo-Aryan: *ćawkūyatay, *kawkūyatay
        • Sanskrit: चोकूयते (cokūyate, “to cry aloud”), कोकूयते (kokūyate)[note 1]
  • *ków(H)-o-s
    • Proto-Balto-Slavic: *káwas
      • Proto-Baltic:
        • Lithuanian: kávas (“rook”)
  • Unsorted formations:
Extended forms
  • *kew-k-
    • ⇒ *kówk-ti?
      • Proto-Balto-Slavic: *kauktei
        • Proto-Baltic:
          • Lithuanian: kaukti (“to howl, yell, roar”)[4]
      • Proto-Tocharian: *kauk-
    • ⇒ *kówk-o-s
      • Proto-Indo-Iranian: *káwkas
        • Proto-Indo-Aryan: *káwkas
          • Sanskrit: कौक (kauka, “owl; dog?”), ⇒? कोकिल (kokila, “cuckoo”)
  • Unsorted formations:
    • >? Old Armenian: քուք (kʻukʻ, “groan, moan, wail, sigh”), քոք (kʻokʻ)[5]
    • >? Old Armenian: քուքամ (kʻukʻam, verb)[note 6]
Notes
  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 Known only from grammarians.[3]
  2. ^ Formally cannot reflect *kowk-, so Pokorny assumes dissimilation from *kū-kū́-. More likely from independent onomatopoeia or Pre-Greek.[3]
  3. ^ Or from *kōk-.
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 Initial consonant can also reflect *ḱ- as in *ḱew-, *ḱewk-.[4]
  5. ^ See van der Sijs[2].
  6. ^ It is unclear whether the noun or verb is older, but more authors imply the noun as the base of the verb.

See also

References

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 Pokorny, Julius (1959) “kău-, kĕu- kū-”, in Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch [Indo-European Etymological Dictionary] (in German), volume 2, Bern, München: Francke Verlag, pages 535-6
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 van der Sijs, Nicoline, editor (2010), “huilen”, in Etymologiebank, Meertens Institute
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 Beekes, Robert S. P. (2010) “κωκύω”, in Etymological Dictionary of Greek (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 10), with the assistance of Lucien van Beek, Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 813
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 Adams, Douglas Q. (2013) “kauk-”, in A Dictionary of Tocharian B: Revised and Greatly Enlarged (Leiden Studies in Indo-European; 10), Amsterdam, New York: Rodopi, →ISBN, page 223
  5. ^ Meillet, Antoine (1903) “Varia”, in Mémoires de la Société de Linguistique de Paris (in French), volume 12, page 214 of 213–238
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