Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/néh₂us

This Proto-Indo-European entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Indo-European

Etymology

An agent noun originally meaning "swimmer, that which swims" derived from *(s)neh₂- (“to swim”).^[1]

(Can this⁽⁺⁾ etymology be sourced?) Gamkrelidze and Ivanov argue that it is a borrowing from the Proto-Semitic term from which Arabic إِنَاء (ʔināʔ) descends and which is of no distinct form to be discerned from its distorted descendants: *ʔunw(at)-, *ʔunawāy-, *ʔunuwāy-, *ʔuniwāy- (“jar, vessel; boat”).

Noun

*néh₂us f

boat

Declension

Inflection of *néh₂us
	singular	dual	plural
Nominative	*néh₂us	?	*néh₂wes
Vocative	*néh₂us	?	*néh₂wes
Accusative	néh₂wm̥, néh₂um	?	*néh₂uns
Instrumental	*neh₂wéh₁	?	*neh₂ubʰí
Dative	*neh₂wéy	?	*neh₂umós
Ablative	*neh₂wés	?	*neh₂umós
Genitive	*neh₂wés	?	*neh₂wóHom
Locative	néh₂u, néh₂wi	?	*neh₂usú

The inflection found in Ancient Greek and Sanskrit (*néh₂-u-s ~ *neh₂-w-és) does not correspond to the traditional ablaut patterns of PIE and probably represents a later levelling or reinterpretation. Original paradigms which have been proposed include:^[1]

Athematic, hysterokinetic
	singular
nominative	*n̥h₂ḗws
genitive	*n̥h₂wés
	singular	dual	plural
nominative	*n̥h₂ḗws	*n̥h₂ḗwh₁(e)	*n̥h₂ḗwes
vocative	*n̥h₂ḗw	*n̥h₂ḗwh₁(e)	*n̥h₂ḗwes
accusative	*n̥h₂ḗm	*n̥h₂ḗwh₁(e)	*n̥h₂ḗwm̥s
genitive	*n̥h₂wés	*?	*n̥h₂wóHom
ablative	*n̥h₂wés	*?	n̥h₂wmós, n̥h₂wbʰós
dative	*n̥h₂wéy	*?	n̥h₂wmós, n̥h₂wbʰós
locative	n̥h₂ḗw, n̥h₂ḗwi	*?	*n̥h₂wsú
instrumental	*n̥h₂wéh₁	*?	n̥h₂wmís, n̥h₂wbʰís

Athematic, amphikinetic
	singular
nominative	*néh₂us
genitive	*n̥h₂wés
	singular	dual	plural
nominative	*néh₂us	*néh₂uh₁(e)	*néh₂ewes
vocative	*néh₂u	*néh₂uh₁(e)	*néh₂ewes
accusative	*néh₂um	*néh₂uh₁(e)	*néh₂ums
genitive	*n̥h₂wés	*?	*n̥h₂wóHom
ablative	*n̥h₂wés	*?	n̥h₂wmós, n̥h₂wbʰós
dative	*n̥h₂wéy	*?	n̥h₂wmós, n̥h₂wbʰós
locative	n̥h₂éw, n̥h₂éwi	*?	*n̥h₂wsú
instrumental	*n̥h₂wéh₁	*?	n̥h₂wmís, n̥h₂wbʰís

Derived terms

*neh₂w(i)yos
- Proto-Hellenic: *nā́yyos
  - Ancient Greek: νήϊος (nḗïos)
    Doric Greek: νᾱ́ϊος (nā́ïos)
- Proto-Indo-Iranian: *naHwiyás (see there for further descendants)
*neh₂w(i)-h₂eǵ-
- Proto-Indo-Iranian: *naHuHaȷ́ás (see there for further descendants)
- Proto-Italic: *nāwi-agō
  - Latin: navigo (“to sail”)
*neh₂w(i)-wedʰ-
- Proto-Iranian: *náHw-wādáyati (“sailor, seaman”)
  - Middle Iranian: *nāvvast
    - → Old Armenian: նաւաստի (nawasti, “sailor”)
      - Armenian: նավաստի (navasti)

Descendants

Terms derived from the Proto-Indo-European word *néh₂us

Proto-Armenian: *nawa-
- Old Armenian: նաւ (naw)
Proto-Celtic: *nāwā^[2]
- Brythonic:
  - Middle Breton: neau, nev
    - Breton: new
  - Middle Welsh: noe
- Goidelic:
  - Old Irish: nau
    - Middle Irish: nó, nóe
      - Irish: nae
Proto-Germanic: *nōaz (perhaps, with labiovelar from *Hw) *nakwô^[3]
- Old Norse: nór
  - Icelandic: nór
Proto-Hellenic: *náus^[4]
- Ancient Greek: ναῦς (naûs)
  Epic, Ionic Greek: νηῦς (nēûs)
  
  Doric Greek: νᾱός (nāós, gen.sg.)
Proto-Indo-Iranian: *náHuš (see there for further descendants)
Proto-Italic: *naus ~ *nāwis^[5]
- Latin: nāvis
Illyrian: *Nauna, *Nauportus (toponyms)

References

↑ ^1.0 ^1.1 Wodtko, Dagmar S., Irslinger, Britta, Schneider, Carolin (2008) “*néh₂-u-, *neh₂-u̯-”, in Nomina im indogermanischen Lexikon [Nouns in the Indo-European Lexicon] (in German), Heidelberg: Universitätsverlag Winter, pages 515-19
^ Matasović, Ranko (2009) “*nāwā”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Celtic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 9), Leiden: Brill, →ISBN, page 285
^ Kroonen, Guus (2013) “*nakwan-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11)‎^[1], Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 382
^ Beekes, Robert S. P. (2010) “ναῦς”, in Etymological Dictionary of Greek (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 10), volume II, with the assistance of Lucien van Beek, Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 999
^ De Vaan, Michiel (2008) “nāvis”, in Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, pages 402-403

Sihler, Andrew L. (1995) New Comparative Grammar of Greek and Latin, Oxford, New York: Oxford University Press, →ISBN
Martirosyan, Hrach (2010) Etymological Dictionary of the Armenian Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 8), Leiden and Boston: Brill, page 500
Mallory, J. P., Adams, D. Q. (2006) The Oxford introduction to Proto-Indo-European and the Proto-Indo-European world, Oxford University Press, page 249
Mallory, J. P., Adams, D. Q., editors (1997), Encyclopedia of Indo-European Culture, London, Chicago: Fitzroy Dearborn Publishers, page 74

[NIL-1] 1.0 ^1.1 Wodtko, Dagmar S., Irslinger, Britta, Schneider, Carolin (2008) “*néh₂-u-, *neh₂-u̯-”, in Nomina im indogermanischen Lexikon [Nouns in the Indo-European Lexicon] (in German), Heidelberg: Universitätsverlag Winter, pages 515-19

[2] Matasović, Ranko (2009) “*nāwā”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Celtic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 9), Leiden: Brill, →ISBN, page 285

[3] Kroonen, Guus (2013) “*nakwan-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11)‎^[1], Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 382

[4] Beekes, Robert S. P. (2010) “ναῦς”, in Etymological Dictionary of Greek (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 10), volume II, with the assistance of Lucien van Beek, Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 999

[5] De Vaan, Michiel (2008) “nāvis”, in Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, pages 402-403

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