Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/pleh₁-

See also: Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/pleh₂- and Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/pleh₃(w)-

This Proto-Indo-European entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Indo-European

Root

*pleh₁- (perfective)^[1]^[2]^[3]

to fill

Alternative reconstructions

*pelh₂-^[4]

Derived terms

Terms derived from the Proto-Indo-European root *pleh₁- (38 c, 0 e)

Terms derived from the Proto-Indo-European root *pelh₁- (12 c, 0 e)

*pí-pleh₁-ti ~ *pí-pl̥h₁-n̥ti (i-reduplicated root athematic present)^[1]^[5]^[4]
- >? Proto-Armenian:
  - Old Armenian: յղփանամ (yłpʻanam)^[6]
- Proto-Hellenic: *píplēmi
  - Ancient Greek: πίμπλημι (pímplēmi)
- Proto-Indo-Iranian: *pípraHti ~ *pípr̥Hati
  - Proto-Indo-Aryan: *píparHti
    - Sanskrit: पिपर्ति (píparti)

*pl̥-né-h₁-ti ~ *pl̥-n-h₁-énti (nasal-infix present)

*pléh₁-dʰ(h₁)e-ti (dʰe-present)^[1]
- Proto-Hellenic: *plḗtʰō
  - Ancient Greek: πλήθω (plḗthō) (see there for further descendants)
- Proto-Indo-Iranian: *práHdʰati
  - Proto-Iranian: *fráHdati (see there for further descendants)
- ⇒ *pleh₁dʰ(h₁)-r-
  - ⇒ Proto-Italic:
    - Oscan: 𐌐𐌋𐌝𐌚𐌓𐌉𐌊𐌔 (plífriks, “plebeian”, nom. sg.)
- ⇒ *pl̥h₁dʰ(h₁)-wéh₁-s ~ *pléh₁dʰ(h₁)-uh₁-s ^?
  - Proto-Hellenic: *plētʰús
    - Ancient Greek: πληθύς (plēthús)
  - Proto-Italic: *plēðwēs
    - >? Old Latin: plēbēs
      - Latin: plēbs (see there for further descendants)
- ⇒ *pléh₁dʰ(h₁)-ōr
  - Proto-Hellenic: *plétʰōr, ⇒ *pletʰṓrā f
    - Ancient Greek: πληθώρη (plēthṓrē) (see there for further descendants)

*pleh₁-t ~ *pl̥h₁-ént (root athematic aorist)^[1]^[7]^[2]
- Proto-Hellenic: *plētó (< middle voice *pl̥h₁-tó)
  - Ancient Greek: πλῆτο (plêto)
- ⇒ Proto-Italic: *plējō^[8]
  - Latin: pleō (see there for further descendants)

*plḗh₁-s-t ~ *pléh₁-s-n̥t (s-aorist)^[1]^[9]
- Proto-Armenian:
  - Old Armenian: ելից (elicʻ)
    - ⇒ Old Armenian: յեղց (yełcʻ)
- Proto-Hellenic: *éplēse
  - Ancient Greek: ἔπλησα (éplēsa)
- Proto-Indo-Iranian: *HáprāHst
  - Proto-Indo-Aryan: *HáprāHst
    - Sanskrit: अप्रास् (aprās, 2/3sg.aor.ind.act.) (with later अप्रात् (aprāt) as specifically 3sg.^[1])

*pl̥h₁-é-ti (tudáti type thematic present)
- Proto-Balto-Slavic: *pilˀtei
  - ⇒ Latgalian: piļdeit (secondary)
  - Latvian: pil̂t
    - ⇒ Latvian: pilēt, pildīt (secondary)
  - Lithuanian: pi̇̀lti
    - ⇒ Lithuanian: pilóti, piláuti (secondary)

*pl̥h₁-néw-ti (new-present)
- Proto-Armenian:
  - Old Armenian: հեղում (hełum) (secondary full-grade?)
    - ⇒ Old Armenian: ողողեմ (ołołem)

*pl̥h₁-ú-s
- Proto-Indo-Iranian: *pr̥Húš (see there for further descendants)

*pl̥h₁-yé-tor (ye-deponent)^[1]
- Proto-Indo-Iranian: *pr̥Hyátay (see there for further descendants)

*pe-plóh₁-e ~ *pe-pl̥h₁-ḗr (reduplicated perfect)^[1]
- Proto-Indo-Iranian: *paprā́Ha (see there for further descendants)

*pleh₁-ró-s^[10]^[8]
- >? Proto-Celtic: *ɸlīros (“sea, ocean”)
  - Old Irish: ler
- Proto-Hellenic: *plērós
  - Ancient Greek: *πληρός (*plērós)^[11]^[12]
    - ⇒ Ancient Greek: πλήρης (plḗrēs)
- Proto-Italic: *plēros^[8]
  - Latin: plērus

*pléh₁-ti-s ~ *pl̥h₁-téy-s^[13]
- Proto-Armenian:
  - Old Armenian: լիր (lir)
- Proto-Indo-Iranian: *práHtiš
  - Proto-Indo-Aryan: *práHtiṣ
    - Sanskrit: प्राति (prātí)

*pleh₁-tó-s

*pléh₁-yōs ~ *pl̥h₁-is-és

*pl̥h₁-nó-s

^? *po-plh₁-o-s^[14]
- (perhaps) Proto-Italic: *poplos (see there for further descendants)

*pl̥h₁-go-m
- Proto-Germanic: *fulką (“folk”) (see there for further descendants)

*pélh₁-u-
- Proto-Celtic: *ɸelus (see there for further descendants)
- Proto-Germanic: *felu (see there for further descendants)

*polh₁-ú-s
- Proto-Hellenic:
  - Ancient Greek: πολύς (polús)

*polh₁-yo-
- Proto-Hellenic:
  - Ancient Greek: πολλός (pollós), πολλή (pollḗ)

Descendants

Proto-Indo-Iranian:
- Proto-Indo-Aryan:
  - Sanskrit: पॄ (pṝ)
- Proto-Iranian: *parH-

References

↑ ^1.0 ^1.1 ^1.2 ^1.3 ^1.4 ^1.5 ^1.6 ^1.7 Rix, Helmut, editor (2001), “*pleh₁-¹”, in Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben [Lexicon of Indo-European Verbs] (in German), 2nd edition, Wiesbaden: Dr. Ludwig Reichert Verlag, →ISBN, pages 482-83
↑ ^2.0 ^2.1 Beekes, Robert S. P. (2011) Comparative Indo-European Linguistics: An Introduction, 2nd edition, revised and corrected by Michiel de Vaan, Amsterdam, Philadelphia: John Benjamins Publishing Company, page 262: “*h₁é-pleh₁-t”
^ Kölligan, Daniel (2017–2018) “Chapter XX: Proto-Indo-European”, in Klein, Jared S., Joseph, Brian D., Fritz, Matthias, editors, Handbook of Comparative and Historical Indo-European Linguistics: An International Handbook (Handbücher zur Sprach- und Kommunikationswissenschaft [Handbooks of Linguistics and Communication Science]; 41.2), Berlin, Boston: De Gruyter Mouton, →ISBN, § The lexicon of Proto-Indo-European, page 2257: “*pleh₁-to-”
↑ ^4.0 ^4.1 Fick, August (1890–1909) “péla : pḷa”, in Vergleichendes Wörterbuch der indogermanischen Sprachen (in German), 4th edition, Göttingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, page 82
^ Byrd, Andrew Miles (2015) The Indo-European Syllable (Brill's Studies in Indo-European Languages & Linguistics; 15), Leiden: Brill, page 121: “*pi-pleh₁-”
^ Martirosyan, Hrach (2010) “yɫp‘anam”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Armenian Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 8), Leiden and Boston: Brill, page 494
^ Bendahman, Jadwiga (1993) Der reduplizierte Aorist in den indogermanischen Sprachen (Deutsche Hochschulschriften; 642), Egelsbach: Hänsel-Hohenhausen, page 147: “*pl̥h₁-to”
↑ ^8.0 ^8.1 ^8.2 De Vaan, Michiel (2008) “-pleō”, in Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, pages 472-473: “PIt. *plē{-je/o)- [pr.], * plēno- ‘full’, *plēro- ‘most of’, *-plē-t; PIE *pleh₁- [aor.] ‘to fill’, *plh₁nó- ‘full’, *pl(e)h₁ro- ‘full’, *-pleh₁t-.”
^ Olsen, Birgit Anette (2017–2018) “Chapter X: Armenian”, in Klein, Jared S., Joseph, Brian D., Fritz, Matthias, editors, Handbook of Comparative and Historical Indo-European Linguistics: An International Handbook (Handbücher zur Sprach- und Kommunikationswissenschaft [Handbooks of Linguistics and Communication Science]; 41.2), Berlin, Boston: De Gruyter Mouton, →ISBN, § The morphology of Armenian, page 1092: “*pleh₁-s-”
^ Zair, Nicholas (2012) The reflexes of the Proto-Indo-European laryngeals in Celtic, Leiden: Brill, →ISBN, page 136: “*pleh₁-ro-”
^ Rothstein-Dowden, Zachary (2023) “Dental-aspirate presents in Greek and Indo-European (Doctoral dissertation)”, in Harvard University Graduate School of Arts and Sciences‎^[1], Cambridge: Harvard University
^ Lloyd, Albert L., Lühr, Rosemarie (2007) “fol”, in Etymologisches Wörterbuch des Althochdeutschen‎^[2] (in German), volumes III: fadum – fustslag, Göttingen/Zürich: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, →ISBN, pages 446-447
^ Kapović, Mate, editor (2017), The Indo-European Languages (Routledge Language Family Series), 2nd edition, London, New York: Routledge, →ISBN, page 656: “*pleh₁tis”
^ De Vaan, Michiel (2008) “populus”, in Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 480

[LIV-1] 1.0 ^1.1 ^1.2 ^1.3 ^1.4 ^1.5 ^1.6 ^1.7 Rix, Helmut, editor (2001), “*pleh₁-¹”, in Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben [Lexicon of Indo-European Verbs] (in German), 2nd edition, Wiesbaden: Dr. Ludwig Reichert Verlag, →ISBN, pages 482-83

[CIEL-2] 2.0 ^2.1 Beekes, Robert S. P. (2011) Comparative Indo-European Linguistics: An Introduction, 2nd edition, revised and corrected by Michiel de Vaan, Amsterdam, Philadelphia: John Benjamins Publishing Company, page 262: “*h₁é-pleh₁-t”

[HCHIEL-3] Kölligan, Daniel (2017–2018) “Chapter XX: Proto-Indo-European”, in Klein, Jared S., Joseph, Brian D., Fritz, Matthias, editors, Handbook of Comparative and Historical Indo-European Linguistics: An International Handbook (Handbücher zur Sprach- und Kommunikationswissenschaft [Handbooks of Linguistics and Communication Science]; 41.2), Berlin, Boston: De Gruyter Mouton, →ISBN, § The lexicon of Proto-Indo-European, page 2257: “*pleh₁-to-”

[VWIS-4] 4.0 ^4.1 Fick, August (1890–1909) “péla : pḷa”, in Vergleichendes Wörterbuch der indogermanischen Sprachen (in German), 4th edition, Göttingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, page 82

[5] Byrd, Andrew Miles (2015) The Indo-European Syllable (Brill's Studies in Indo-European Languages & Linguistics; 15), Leiden: Brill, page 121: “*pi-pleh₁-”

[6] Martirosyan, Hrach (2010) “yɫp‘anam”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Armenian Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 8), Leiden and Boston: Brill, page 494

[7] Bendahman, Jadwiga (1993) Der reduplizierte Aorist in den indogermanischen Sprachen (Deutsche Hochschulschriften; 642), Egelsbach: Hänsel-Hohenhausen, page 147: “*pl̥h₁-to”

[EDL-8] 8.0 ^8.1 ^8.2 De Vaan, Michiel (2008) “-pleō”, in Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, pages 472-473: “PIt. *plē{-je/o)- [pr.], * plēno- ‘full’, *plēro- ‘most of’, *-plē-t; PIE *pleh₁- [aor.] ‘to fill’, *plh₁nó- ‘full’, *pl(e)h₁ro- ‘full’, *-pleh₁t-.”

[9] Olsen, Birgit Anette (2017–2018) “Chapter X: Armenian”, in Klein, Jared S., Joseph, Brian D., Fritz, Matthias, editors, Handbook of Comparative and Historical Indo-European Linguistics: An International Handbook (Handbücher zur Sprach- und Kommunikationswissenschaft [Handbooks of Linguistics and Communication Science]; 41.2), Berlin, Boston: De Gruyter Mouton, →ISBN, § The morphology of Armenian, page 1092: “*pleh₁-s-”

[10] Zair, Nicholas (2012) The reflexes of the Proto-Indo-European laryngeals in Celtic, Leiden: Brill, →ISBN, page 136: “*pleh₁-ro-”

[11] Rothstein-Dowden, Zachary (2023) “Dental-aspirate presents in Greek and Indo-European (Doctoral dissertation)”, in Harvard University Graduate School of Arts and Sciences‎^[1], Cambridge: Harvard University

[12] Lloyd, Albert L., Lühr, Rosemarie (2007) “fol”, in Etymologisches Wörterbuch des Althochdeutschen‎^[2] (in German), volumes III: fadum – fustslag, Göttingen/Zürich: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, →ISBN, pages 446-447

[IEL-13] Kapović, Mate, editor (2017), The Indo-European Languages (Routledge Language Family Series), 2nd edition, London, New York: Routledge, →ISBN, page 656: “*pleh₁tis”

[14] De Vaan, Michiel (2008) “populus”, in Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 480

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