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This Proto-Indo-European entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.
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Proto-Indo-European
Pronoun
*yúHs[1][2][3]
- you (plural)
Alternative reconstructions
Declension
| Andrew Sihler's reconstruction[7]
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dual
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plural
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| nominative
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*yū́h₁ (?*yūh₁)
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*yū́s (?*yúHs)
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| accusative
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*uh₁-wé ~ *wō̆h₁
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*usmé ~ *wō̆s
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| genitive
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?
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*usóm ~ *wō̆s
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| ablative
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?
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*usm-ét
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| dative
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?
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*usm-éy ~ *wō̆s
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| Donald Ringe's reconstruction[5]
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dual
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plural
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| nominative
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*yú
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*yū́
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| accusative
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*uh₃wé ~ *woh₃
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*uswé ~ *wos
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| genitive
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?
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? ~ *wos
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| dative
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?
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? ~ *wos
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| Alwin Kloekhorst's reconstruction[8]
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| Proto-Nuclear-Indo-European
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plural
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| nominative
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*yuH
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| accusative
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*us ~ *wōs (?)
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| genitive
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?
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| dative
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?
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| oblique
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*us- ~ *wos
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| Outer-Anatolian IE
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plural
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| nominative
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*yuH
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| oblique
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*us-
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| enclitic
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*wos
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| Proto-Indo-European
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plural
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| nominative
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?
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| accusative
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?
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| oblique
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?
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| Robert Beekes' reconstruction[4]
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plural
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| nominative
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*yuH
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| accusative
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*usmé ~ *wōs
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| genitive
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*yus(er)o- ~ *wos
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| ablative
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*usmed
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| dative
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*usmey
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| locative
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*usmi
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| instrumental
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?
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| poss. adj.
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*usos
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| Frederik Kortlandt's reconstruction[6]
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dual
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plural
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| nominative
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*yuh₁-
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*yu-
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| accusative
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*uh₁e
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*usme
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| genitive
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*woh₁
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*wos
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| ablative
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?
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?
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| dative
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?
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?
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| locative
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*uh₁i
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*usmi
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| Michiel de Vaan's reconstruction[9]
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plural
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| nominative
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*yúH(s)
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| accusative
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*wōs
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| genitive
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*wos/*wes
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| ablative
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?
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| dative
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?
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| poss. adj.
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*us-tero-s?
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Derived terms
- *wóHs[10] or *wōs[4] (accusative)
- Proto-Balto-Slavic: *wōns (with nasal from acc.pl. ending *-ons)
- Old Prussian: wans
- Proto-Slavic: *vy (see there for further descendants)
- Proto-Indo-Iranian: *waHs
- Proto-Iranian:
- Avestan: 𐬬𐬃 (vā̊, enclitic)
- Proto-Italic: *wōs (see there for further descendants)
- ⇒ *wóHs-yos
- Proto-Balto-Slavic: *wōśjas
- Proto-Slavic: *vašь (see there for further descendants)
- *wos[10] (oblique, enclitic)
- Proto-Indo-Iranian: *was (see there for further descendants)
- *usmé[10] (accusative; possibly from *us + *mé indicating "you (pl.) with (the others)")
- Proto-Hellenic: *husmé
- Ancient Greek: ὑμέας (huméas), ὔμμε (úmme), ῡ̔μέ (hūmé)
- Proto-Indo-Iranian: *yušmá (with *y- from nominative)
- ⇒ Proto-Indo-Aryan: *yuṣmā́m (+ *-ám[10])
- ⇒ *usmé-s (new nominative)
- Proto-Hellenic: *husmés
- Ancient Greek: ῡ̔μεῖς (hūmeîs), ὔμμες (úmmes), ῡ̔μές (hūmés), οὐμές (oumés)
- *uswé[10] (accusative; possibly from *us + *wé indicating "you (pl.) without (the others)")
- Proto-Germanic: *izwiz (see there for further descendants)
- ⇒ *swé-es, *swḗs (new nominative with apheresis)
- >? Proto-Anatolian:
- Hittite: 𒋗𒈨𒌍 (šu-me-eš) (if from *suwḗs; or with metathesis from *usmés)
- Proto-Celtic: *swīs (see there for further descendants)
- Unsorted formations
- *wes-teros
- Proto-Celtic: *sweseros
- Proto-Italic: *westeros (see there for further descendants)
Descendants
- >? Proto-Albanian: *ju(s)
- Albanian: ju (or from oblique *wos > *wë with added j-[10])
- Armenian:
- Old Armenian: ձեզ (jez) (< *y(us)e), ձեր (jer) (< *y(us)er)
- Armenian: ձեզ (jez), ձեր (jer)
- Proto-Balto-Slavic: *jūˀs
- Proto-Germanic: *jūz, *jut (see there for further descendants)
- Proto-Indo-Iranian: *yúHš (see there for further descendants)
- Proto-Tocharian: *yes[11] (conflated with oblique stem)
- Tocharian A: yas
- Tocharian B: yes
References
- ^ Dunkel, George E. (2014) Lexikon der indogermanischen Partikeln und Pronominalstämme [Lexicon of Indo-European Particles and Pronominal Stems] (in German), volume 2: Lexikon, Heidelberg: Universitätsverlag Winter, →ISBN, page 389
- ^ Mallory, J. P. with Adams, D. Q. (2006) The Oxford Introduction to Proto-Indo-European and the Proto-Indo-European World (Oxford Linguistics), New York: Oxford University Press, →ISBN, page 417
- ^ Lubotsky, Alexander (2011) “yūyám”, in The Indo-Aryan Inherited Lexicon (in progress) (Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Project), Leiden University, page 625
- ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 Beekes, Robert S. P. (2011) Comparative Indo-European Linguistics: An Introduction, 2nd edition, revised and corrected by Michiel de Vaan, Amsterdam, Philadelphia: John Benjamins Publishing Company, pages 233-4
- ↑ 5.0 5.1 Ringe, Donald (2006) From Proto-Indo-European to Proto-Germanic (A Linguistic History of English; 1)[1], Oxford: Oxford University Press, →ISBN, page 57: “yū́ (< **yúy ?)”
- ↑ 6.0 6.1 Kortlandt, Frederik (2006) Balto-Slavic Personal Pronouns and Their Accentuation[2], Leiden University
- ^ Sihler, Andrew L. (1995) New Comparative Grammar of Greek and Latin, Oxford, New York: Oxford University Press, →ISBN, pages 372-373
- ^ Kloekhorst, Alwin (2008) Etymological Dictionary of the Hittite Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 5), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, pages 111-115
- ^ De Vaan, Michiel (2008) Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 631,691
- ↑ 10.0 10.1 10.2 10.3 10.4 10.5 Dunkel, George E. (2014) “*u̯ó- 'euch'”, in Lexikon der indogermanischen Partikeln und Pronominalstämme [Lexicon of Indo-European Particles and Pronominal Stems] (in German), volume 2: Lexikon, Heidelberg: Universitätsverlag Winter, →ISBN, pages 855-860
- ^ Adams, Douglas Q. (1999) “tuwe”, in A dictionary of Tocharian B (Leiden Studies in Indo-European; 10), Amsterdam, Atlanta: Rodopi, →ISBN