Reconstruction:Proto-Sino-Tibetan/sV-ɢip

This Proto-Sino-Tibetan entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Sino-Tibetan

Reconstruction

  • Proto-Sino-Tibetan: *grip (Coblin, 1986); *[t/s]V.ɢip ~ *[t/s]V.ɢəp (Sagart, 2024)
    • Proto-Tibeto-Burman: *gip (Matisoff, STEDT; Benedict, 1972; Chou, 1972); *sɢip (Sagart, 2024)

The sole evidence of a uvular comes from rGyalrongic.

Sagart points out rGyalrongic has a different pre-initial than the one he reconstructs to Old Chinese: Chinese with *t- and rGyalrongic with *s-. His reconstructed *t- seemingly presumes that 十 is in the same phonetic series as 針 (OC *t.qəm), but this assumption is not generally accepted.

Sagart also proposes that the *i ~ *ə variation originally arose from a dichotomy where *i forms were used in stressed position while *ə arose from reduction to schwa in unstressed position (e.g. when serving as a non-final member of a compound).

The *-m in Tani is due to assimilation to the nasal initials of following numerals (Tani forms multiples of ten by prefixing *čam to a base number) like *kV-ni-s (“two”) and *l-ŋaʔ (“five”).

Conversely, the loss of *-p in rGyalrongic is due to rebracketing of the *p onto a following numeral (this is evident in Japhug, where an "extra" labial consonant appears between sqa and a following numeral).

The initial velar in Burmese may be due to the uvular being fronted when in contact with the *s- pre-initial.

The Tujia words are compared to the rGyalrongic words by Jacques (2021).

Numeral

Proto-Sino-Tibetan numbers (edit)
100
[a], [b], [c], [d] ←  1  ←  9 10 20  →  100  → 
1[a], [b], [c], [d]
    Cardinal: *sV-ɢip, *ts(j)i(j) ~ tsjaj

*sV-ɢip

  1. ten

Descendants

  • Chinese: 十 (/*t.ɡəp/ (B-S), /*ɡjub/ (ZS)) (see there for further descendants)
  • rGyalrongic
    • West rGyalrongic
      • Horpa
        • Geshiza: zɣæ
        • Stau: zʁa (Gexi)
        • Tangut: 𗫥 (*dźjɨ̣¹, “ten, decade”)
      • Khroskyabs: sjə̂
    • rGyalrong
      • Japhug: sqi (standalone), sqa (combining form)
      • Zbu: sɐʁɐʔ (standalone), sqɐ (combining form)
  • Lolo-Burmese
    • Burmish
      • Burmese: ကျိပ် (kyip, “numerical classifier denoting "tens"”)
  • Proto-Tani: *čam (used only in compounds to form multiples of 10)
  • Tujia
    • Northern Tujia: [Term?] (/⁠xɯ̌35⁠/)
    • Southern Tujia: [Term?] (/⁠xɯ33⁠/)
  • Karbi: kep

See also

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