Reconstruction:Proto-Turkic/togra-
Proto-Turkic
Etymology
- ESTJa suggests a derivation from *tog- and supposes a relation with *togan (“falcon”), however a denominal verb forming suffix *-ra does not exist.[1]
- Nişanyan derives it from *toguru (“tang; straight, correct”), however the suffix *-a is attached only to stems ending with consonants.
Verb
*togra-
Conjugation
Conjugation of *togra- (Common Turkic)
Note: Actual conjugations can be more complex than tables below. Compound forms with the auxiliary *er- not shown.
| Positive | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| infinitive | *togramak | |||||||
| participle | present | *togragan, togragma, tograr | ||||||
| past | *tograduk, togramïš | |||||||
| future | *togradačï, togramakčï, tograsïk, tograyačak | |||||||
| verbal noun | *tograma, tograg, togragu | |||||||
| way of doing | *tograš | |||||||
| singular | plural | |||||||
| 1st person | 2nd person | 3rd person | 1st person | 2nd person | 3rd person | |||
| *ben | *sen | *ol | *biz | *siz | *olar | |||
| indicative | aorist | *tograr ben | *tograr sen | *tograr | *tograr biz | *tograr siz | *tograr | |
| past | simple | *togradïm | *togradïŋ | *togradï | *togradïk, togradïmïz | *togradïŋïz | *togradï | |
| inferential | *togramïš ben | *togramïš sen | *togramïš | *togramïš biz | *togramïš siz | *togramïš | ||
| future | simple | *togradačï ben, togramakčï ben, tograyačak ben | *togradačï sen, togramakčï sen, tograyačak sen | *togradačï, togramakčï, tograyačak | *togradačï biz, togramakčï biz, tograyačak biz | *togradačï siz, togramakčï siz, tograyačak siz | *togradačï, togramakčï, tograyačak | |
| predictive | *togragay ben | *togragay sen | *togragay | *togragay biz | *togragay siz | *togragay | ||
| necessitive | *tograsïkïm | *tograsïkïŋ | *tograsïk | *tograsïkïmïz | *tograsïkïŋïz | *tograsïk | ||
| conditional | *tograsam, tograsar ben | *tograsaŋ, tograsar sen | *tograsa, tograsar | *tograsak, tograsamïz, tograsar biz | *tograsaŋïz, tograsar siz | *tograsalar, tograsar | ||
| optative | *togragay ben | *togragay sen | *togragay | *togragay biz | *togragay siz | *togragay | ||
| progressive | *togramakda ben | *togramakda sen | *togramakda | *togramakda biz | *togramakda siz | *togramakda | ||
| necessitative | *togramalïg ben | *togramalïg sen | *togramalïg | *togramalïg biz | *togramalïg siz | *togramalïg | ||
| imperative | *tograyayïn | *togra, togragïl | *tograzun | *tograyalïm | *tograyïŋ | *tograzun | ||
| Negative | ||||||||
| infinitive | *togramamak | |||||||
| participle | present | *togramagan, togramagma, togramaz | ||||||
| past | *togramaduk, togramamïš | |||||||
| future | *togramačï, togramasïk, togramayačak | |||||||
| verbal noun | *togramama, togramag, togramagu | |||||||
| way of doing | *togramaš | |||||||
| singular | plural | |||||||
| 1st person | 2nd person | 3rd person | 1st person | 2nd person | 3rd person | |||
| *ben | *sen | *ol | *biz | *siz | *olar | |||
| indicative | aorist | *togramaz ben | *togramaz sen | *togramaz | *togramaz biz | *togramaz siz | *togramaz | |
| past | simple | *togramadïm | *togramadïŋ | *togramadï | *togramadïk, togramadïmïz | *togramadïŋïz | *togramadï | |
| inferential | *togramamïš ben | *togramamïš sen | *togramamïš | *togramamïš biz | *togramamïš siz | *togramamïš | ||
| future | simple | *togramačï ben, togramayačak ben | *togramačï sen, togramayačak sen | *togramačï, togramayačak | *togramačï biz, togramayačak biz | *togramačï siz, togramayačak siz | *togramačï, togramayačak | |
| predictive | *togramagay ben | *togramagay sen | *togramagay | *togramagay biz | *togramagay siz | *togramagay | ||
| necessitive | *togramasïkïm | *togramasïkïŋ | *togramasïk | *togramasïkïmïz | *togramasïkïŋïz | *togramasïk | ||
| conditional | *togramasam, togramasar ben | *togramasaŋ, togramasar sen | *togramasa, togramasar | *togramasak, togramasamïz, togramasar biz | *togramasaŋïz, togramasar siz | *togramasalar, togramasar | ||
| optative | *togramagay ben | *togramagay sen | *togramagay | *togramagay biz | *togramagay siz | *togramagay | ||
| progressive | *togramamakda ben | *togramamakda sen | *togramamakda | *togramamakda biz | *togramamakda siz | *togramamakda | ||
| necessitative | *togramamalïg ben | *togramamalïg sen | *togramamalïg | *togramamalïg biz | *togramamalïg siz | *togramamalïg | ||
| imperative | *togramayayïn | *tograma, togramagïl | *togramazun | *togramayalïm | *togramayïŋ | *togramazun | ||
Descendants
- Oghur:
- Chuvash: тура (tura)
- Arghu:
- Khalaj: torğamaq
- Oghuz:
- Karluk:
- Karakhanid: [script needed] (toğra-)
- Chagatai: [script needed] (toğra-)
- Uyghur: توغرىماق (toghrimaq)
- Uzbek: to‘g‘ramoq
- Chagatai: [script needed] (toğra-)
- Karakhanid: [script needed] (toğra-)
- Kypchak:
- North Kypchak:
- Bashkir: турау (turaw)
- Tatar: турарга (turarga)
- South Kipchak:
- Kipchak-Nogai:
- Karakalpak: tug‘rag‘u
- Kazakh: турау (turau)
- Nogai: [script needed] (tuwra-)
- Kyrgyz-Kipchak:
- Kyrgyz: тууроо (tuuroo)
- Southern Altai: туураар (tuuraar)
- Kipchak-Nogai:
- West Kipchak:
- Crimean Tatar: toramaq
- Karachay-Balkar: туура- (tuura-)
- Karaim: [script needed] (tuvra-)
- Kumyk: тувра- (tuwra-)
- North Kypchak:
- Siberian:
- Old Turkic:
- Old Kirghiz:
- Khakas: тоғырга (toğırga)
- Shor: тоғрага (toğra-)
- Old Uyghur:
- Western Yugur: [script needed] (torğa-)
- Old Kirghiz:
- North Siberian:
- ⇒ Yakut: тоорот (toorot)
- South Siberian:
- Sayan turkic:
- Tofa: доора- (doora-)
- Tuvan: доорар (doorar)
- Sayan turkic:
- Old Turkic:
References
- ^ Erdal, Marcel (1991) Old Turkic Word Formation[1], volume I, Otto Harrassowitz, →ISBN, page 33
- Clauson, Gerard (1972) “togra:-”, in An Etymological Dictionary of pre-thirteenth-century Turkish, Oxford: Clarendon Press, →ISBN, →OCLC, page 472
- Nişanyan, Sevan (2002–) “doğramak”, in Nişanyan Sözlük
- Räsänen, Martti (1969) Versuch eines etymologischen Wörterbuchs der Türksprachen (in German), Helsinki: Suomalais-ugrilainen seura, page 484
- Starostin, Sergei, Dybo, Anna, Mudrak, Oleg (2003) “*togra-”, in Etymological dictionary of the Altaic languages (Handbuch der Orientalistik; VIII.8)[2], Leiden, New York, Köln: E.J. Brill