Reconstruction:Proto-Turkic/sẹ

This Proto-Turkic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Turkic

Etymology

Comparable to Proto-Tungusic *si (“you”) and maybe Proto-Mongolic *či (“you”), under the discarded Altaic theory. (Can this⁽⁺⁾ etymology be sourced?)

The Common Turkic form *sen is a result of back formation from the oblique stem *sẹn- with the pronominal-n, compare *bẹ.

Pronoun

*sẹ

thou; you

Declension

Declension of *sẹ
(*pronominal-n declension*)
	singular
nominative	*sẹ
accusative	*sẹni
genitive	*sẹniŋ
dative	*saŋa
locative	*sẹnte
ablative	*sẹnten
allative ¹⁾	*saŋaru
instrumental ¹⁾	*sẹnin
equative ¹⁾	*sẹnče
similative ¹⁾	*sẹnleyü
comitative ¹⁾	*sẹnligü

1) The original allative, instrumental, equative, similative & comitative cases have fallen into disuse in many modern Turkic languages.

Postposition

*sẹ

Denotes "to be" for second person singular/plural when at the end of an object; are
Denotes second person singular or plural after various tenses

Related terms

*siŕ (“you”)

Descendants

Oghur
- Chuvash: эсӗ (es̬ĕ)
Proto-Common Turkic: *sen

Arghu:
- Khalaj: sən
Oghuz:
- West Oghuz:
  - Old Anatolian Turkish: سن (sän)
    - Classical Azerbaijani:
      - Azerbaijani: sən
      - Qashqai: سن (sən)
    - Gagauz: sän
    - Ottoman Turkish: سن (sen)
      - Turkish: sen
- East Oghuz:
  - Khorasani Turkish: سن (sän)
  - Turkmen: sen
- Salar: [script needed] (sēn)
Karluk
- Ili Turki: sen
- Karakhanid: سَنْ (sen)
  - Khorezmian Turkic: سن (sen)
    - Chagatai: سن (sän)
      - Uzbek: sen
      - Uyghur: سەن (sen)
Kipchak:
- Kipchak-Bulgar:
  - Bashkir: һин (hin)
  - Tatar: син (sin)
- Kipchak-Cuman:
  - Mamluk-Kipchak: [Arabic needed] (sen)
  - Kipchak: [script needed] (sen) (Codex Cumanicus)
  - Armeno-Kipchak:
    - Crimean Tatar: sen
      - Dobrujan Tatar: sen
    - Karachay-Balkar: сен (sen)
    - Karaim: sen
      - Krymchak: sen
    - Kumyk: сен (sen)
    - Urum: сен
- Kipchak-Nogai:
  - Karakalpak: сен
  - Kazakh: сен (sen)
  - Nogai: сен (sen)
  - Siberian Tatar: син
- Kyrgyz-Kipchak:
  - Kyrgyz: сен (sen)
  - Southern Altai: сен (sen)
Siberian Turkic:
- Old Turkic: 𐰾𐰤 (sen)
- Old Uyghur: sʾn (sen)
  - Western Yugur: sen
- North Siberian Turkic:
  - Yakut: эн (en)
  - Dolgan: эн
- South Siberian Turkic:
  - Northern Altai: сен (sen)
  - Sayan:
    - Tuvan: сен (sen)
    - Tofa: сен
  - Yenisei:
    - Khakas: син (sin)
      - Fuyu Kyrgyz: sin
    - Shor: сен

References

Starostin, Sergei, Dybo, Anna, Mudrak, Oleg (2003) “*si”, in Etymological dictionary of the Altaic languages (Handbuch der Orientalistik; VIII.8), Leiden, New York, Köln: E.J. Brill
Clauson, Gerard (1972) “sen”, in An Etymological Dictionary of pre-thirteenth-century Turkish, Oxford: Clarendon Press, →ISBN, →OCLC, page 831