Reconstruction:Proto-Turkic/toprak

This Proto-Turkic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Turkic

Etymology

Tekin (1969) derives it from Proto-Turkic *towra- +‎ *-k, and relates it to *towuŕ, which he suggests a derivation to *tōz. Tekin also connects Karakhanid [script needed] (tog, “dust”) and Kyrgyz [script needed] (topon, “dust”). According to Tekin, morphologically *tow +‎ -*-uŕ +‎ -*-a- +‎ *-k.[1] However, Eren (1999) suggests Proto-Turkic *topur (“soil, earth”) +‎ *-ak (diminutive suffix).[2]

Nişanyan and Clauson derive this word from *topra-, which Nişanyan further suggests is a derivation from a hypothetical *tobuŕ or *tobur (see *topur), where he suggests Proto-Common Turkic *tōz (“dust”) comes from.[3][4]

Ligeti suggests a genetic connection with Proto-Mongolic *toxurag through the hypothetical and now widely discredited Altaic language family. He also connects this word with Proto-Common Turkic *tōz[5] Ramstedt and Nişanyan suggest that the Mongolian form is a borrowing from Turkic.[6][3]

Doerfer suggests a derivation from *top with the suffix *-rak. [7]

Linguists also compare with Karakhanid تُبُرْغانْ (topurğan)[3]. This would imply a derivation from the verb *topur-.

Noun

*toprak

  1. soil
  2. land
  3. country, land
  4. arable land

Declension

Declension of *toprak
singular 3)
nominative *toprak
accusative *toprakïg, *topraknï1)
genitive *topraknïŋ
dative *toprakka
locative *toprakda
ablative *toprakdan
allative *toprakgaru
instrumental 2) *toprakïn
equative 2) *toprakča
similative 2) *topraklayu
comitative 2) *topraklïgu
1) Originally used only in pronominal declension.
2) The original instrumental, equative, similative, and comitative cases have fallen into disuse in many modern Turkic languages.
3) Plurality in Proto-Turkic is disputed. See also the notes on the Proto-Turkic/Locative-ablative case and plurality page on Wikibooks.

Descendants

  • → Proto-Mongolic: *toxurag[6][3]
    • Mongolian: товрог (tovrog), ᠲᠣᠪᠷᠠᠭ (tobrag)
  • Oghur:
  • Common Turkic:

References

  1. ^ Tekin, Talât (1969) “Zetacism and Sigmatism in Proto-Turkic”, in Acta Orientalia Acedamiae Scientiarum Hunagricae, Berkeley, pages 51-80
  2. ^ Eren, Hasan (1999) “toprak”, in Türk Dilinin Etimolojik Sözlüğü [Etymological Dictionary of the Turkish Language]‎[1] (in Turkish), Ankara: Bizim Büro Basım Evi, page 412
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 Nişanyan, Sevan (2002–) “toprak”, in Nişanyan Sözlük
  4. ^ Clauson, Gerard (1972) “topra:k”, in An Etymological Dictionary of pre-thirteenth-century Turkish, Oxford: Clarendon Press, →ISBN, →OCLC, page 443
  5. ^ Ligeti, Lajos, (1976) A magyar nyelv török kapcsolatai és ami körülöttük von [The Turkish connections of the Hungarian language and what surrounds them] (in Hungarian), pages 75, 76
  6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 Ramstedt, G. J., Kalmückisches Wörterbuch. Helsinki 1935. Lexica Societatis Fenno-Ugricae 3
  7. ^ Doerfer, Gerhard (1963–1975) Türkische und mongolische Elemente im Neupersischen [Turkic and Mongolian Elements in New Persian] (Akademie der Wissenschaften und der Literatur: Veröffentlichungen der Orientalischen Kommission)‎[2] (in German), Wiesbaden: Franz Steiner Verlag

Further reading

  • Starostin, Sergei, Dybo, Anna, Mudrak, Oleg (2003) “*topra-k”, in Etymological dictionary of the Altaic languages (Handbuch der Orientalistik; VIII.8), Leiden, New York, Köln: E.J. Brill
  • Räsänen, Martti (1969) Versuch eines etymologischen Wörterbuchs der Türksprachen (in German), Helsinki: Suomalais-ugrilainen seura, page 489
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