arrufar
Catalan
Alternative forms
- arrufir
Etymology
Uncertain.
Pronunciation
Verb
arrufar (first-person singular present arrufo, first-person singular preterite arrufí, past participle arrufat)
- (transitive) to wrinkle, to crinkle
- Synonym: arrugar
- (pronominal) to stand on end, to bristle
Conjugation
| infinitive | arrufar | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| gerund | arrufant | ||||||
| past participle | masculine | feminine | |||||
| singular | arrufat | arrufada | |||||
| plural | arrufats | arrufades | |||||
| person | singular | plural | |||||
| first | second | third | first | second | third | ||
| indicative | jo | tu | ell/ella vostè |
nosaltres nós |
vosaltres vós |
ells/elles vostès | |
| present | arrufo | arrufes | arrufa | arrufem | arrufeu | arrufen | |
| imperfect | arrufava | arrufaves | arrufava | arrufàvem | arrufàveu | arrufaven | |
| future | arrufaré | arrufaràs | arrufarà | arrufarem | arrufareu | arrufaran | |
| preterite | arrufí | arrufares | arrufà | arrufàrem | arrufàreu | arrufaren | |
| conditional | arrufaria | arrufaries | arrufaria | arrufaríem | arrufaríeu | arrufarien | |
| subjunctive | jo | tu | ell/ella vostè |
nosaltres nós |
vosaltres vós |
ells/elles vostès | |
| present | arrufi | arrufis | arrufi | arrufem | arrufeu | arrufin | |
| imperfect | arrufés | arrufessis | arrufés | arruféssim | arruféssiu | arrufessin | |
| imperative | — | tu | vostè | nosaltres | vosaltres vós |
vostès | |
| affirmative | — | arrufa | arrufi | arrufem | arrufeu | arrufin | |
| negative (no) | — | no arrufis | no arrufi | no arrufem | no arrufeu | no arrufin | |
Derived terms
Further reading
- “arrufar”, in Diccionari de la llengua catalana [Dictionary of the Catalan Language] (in Catalan), second edition, Institute of Catalan Studies [Catalan: Institut d'Estudis Catalans], April 2007
Galician
Alternative forms
Etymology
From Old Galician-Portuguese arrufar (13th century, Cantigas de Santa Maria). Probably from a Germanic language: compare English ruffle, Icelandic hrufla.[1]
Pronunciation
- IPA(key): /aruˈfaɾ/ [a.ruˈfaɾ]
- Rhymes: -aɾ
- Hyphenation: a‧rru‧far
Verb
arrufar (first-person singular present arrufo, first-person singular preterite arrufei, past participle arrufado)
Conjugation
1Less recommended.
Derived terms
Related terms
References
- Ernesto Xosé González Seoane, María Álvarez de la Granja, Ana Isabel Boullón Agrelo (2006–2022) “arrufar”, in Dicionario de Dicionarios do galego medieval (in Galician), Santiago de Compostela: Instituto da Lingua Galega
- Xavier Varela Barreiro, Xavier Gómez Guinovart (2006–2018) “arruf”, in Corpus Xelmírez - Corpus lingüístico da Galicia medieval (in Galician), Santiago de Compostela: Instituto da Lingua Galega
- Antón Luís Santamarina Fernández, editor (2006–2013), “arrufar”, in Dicionario de Dicionarios da lingua galega [Dictionary of Dictionaries of the Galician language] (in Galician), Santiago de Compostela: Instituto da Lingua Galega
- Antón Luís Santamarina Fernández, Ernesto Xosé González Seoane, María Álvarez de la Granja, editors (2003–2018), “arrufar”, in Tesouro informatizado da lingua galega (in Galician), Santiago de Compostela: Instituto da Lingua Galega
- “arrufar”, in Dicionario da Real Academia Galega (in Galician), A Coruña: Royal Galician Academy, 2012–2025
- “arrufar” in Dicionário Estraviz de galego (2014).
- Rosario Álvarez Blanco, editor (2014–2024), “arrufar”, in Tesouro do léxico patrimonial galego e portugués (in Galician), Santiago de Compostela: Instituto da Lingua Galega, →ISSN
- ^ Joan Coromines, José A[ntonio] Pascual (1983–1991) “rufián”, in Diccionario crítico etimológico castellano e hispánico [Critical Castilian and Hispanic Etymological Dictionary] (in Spanish), Madrid: Gredos
Old Spanish
Etymology
Of uncertain origin. First attested circa 1250. Compare with Galician and Portuguese arrufar.
Verb
arrufar
- (reflexive) to become vain or conceited
- c. 1250, Bocados de oro, Spain:
- Quando tú andudieres en pro del reinado, más que otro tu igual, non te arrufes en tener que lo fazes mejor que él, ca menos valerá por ello.
- (please add an English translation of this quotation)
Portuguese
Etymology
Uncertain. Probably from Old Galician-Portuguese arrufar (13th century, Cantigas de Santa Maria). Probably from a Germanic language: compare English ruffle, Icelandic hrufla.
Pronunciation
- (Brazil) IPA(key): /a.ʁuˈfa(ʁ)/ [a.huˈfa(h)]
- (São Paulo) IPA(key): /a.ʁuˈfa(ɾ)/ [a.huˈfa(ɾ)]
- (Rio de Janeiro) IPA(key): /a.ʁuˈfa(ʁ)/ [a.χuˈfa(χ)]
- (Southern Brazil) IPA(key): /a.ʁuˈfa(ɻ)/ [a.huˈfa(ɻ)]
- (Portugal) IPA(key): /ɐ.ʁuˈfaɾ/
- (Southern Portugal) IPA(key): /ɐ.ʁuˈfa.ɾi/
- Hyphenation: ar‧ru‧far
Verb
arrufar (first-person singular present arrufo, first-person singular preterite arrufei, past participle arrufado)
- (transitive, reflexive) to anger (to become or cause someone to become angry)
- Synonyms: enraivecer, irritar, zangar, enervar
- Antonym: acalmar
Conjugation
1Brazilian Portuguese.
2European Portuguese.
Related terms
Spanish
Etymology
Inherited from Old Spanish arrufar, of uncertain origin. Compare with Galician and Portuguese arrufar. First attested c. 1250 in the sense "to become conceited."
Pronunciation
- IPA(key): /aruˈfaɾ/ [a.ruˈfaɾ]
- Rhymes: -aɾ
- Syllabification: a‧rru‧far
Verb
arrufar (first-person singular present arrufo, first-person singular preterite arrufé, past participle arrufado)
- (transitive) to incite; to provoke
- (ambitransitive) to build a sheer (curve of deck) in a ship
- (obsolete, pronominal, intransitive) to become vain or conceited
- (obsolete, pronominal, intransitive) to snarl; to growl
Conjugation
| infinitive | arrufar | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| gerund | arrufando | ||||||
| past participle | masculine | feminine | |||||
| singular | arrufado | arrufada | |||||
| plural | arrufados | arrufadas | |||||
| singular | plural | ||||||
| 1st person | 2nd person | 3rd person | 1st person | 2nd person | 3rd person | ||
| indicative | yo | tú vos |
él/ella/ello usted |
nosotros nosotras |
vosotros vosotras |
ellos/ellas ustedes | |
| present | arrufo | arrufastú arrufásvos |
arrufa | arrufamos | arrufáis | arrufan | |
| imperfect | arrufaba | arrufabas | arrufaba | arrufábamos | arrufabais | arrufaban | |
| preterite | arrufé | arrufaste | arrufó | arrufamos | arrufasteis | arrufaron | |
| future | arrufaré | arrufarás | arrufará | arrufaremos | arrufaréis | arrufarán | |
| conditional | arrufaría | arrufarías | arrufaría | arrufaríamos | arrufaríais | arrufarían | |
| subjunctive | yo | tú vos |
él/ella/ello usted |
nosotros nosotras |
vosotros vosotras |
ellos/ellas ustedes | |
| present | arrufe | arrufestú arrufésvos2 |
arrufe | arrufemos | arruféis | arrufen | |
| imperfect (ra) |
arrufara | arrufaras | arrufara | arrufáramos | arrufarais | arrufaran | |
| imperfect (se) |
arrufase | arrufases | arrufase | arrufásemos | arrufaseis | arrufasen | |
| future1 | arrufare | arrufares | arrufare | arrufáremos | arrufareis | arrufaren | |
| imperative | — | tú vos |
usted | nosotros nosotras |
vosotros vosotras |
ustedes | |
| affirmative | arrufatú arrufávos |
arrufe | arrufemos | arrufad | arrufen | ||
| negative | no arrufes | no arrufe | no arrufemos | no arruféis | no arrufen | ||
These forms are generated automatically and may not actually be used. Pronoun usage varies by region.
| singular | plural | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1st person | 2nd person | 3rd person | 1st person | 2nd person | 3rd person | ||
| with infinitive arrufar | dative | arrufarme | arrufarte | arrufarle, arrufarse | arrufarnos | arrufaros | arrufarles, arrufarse |
| accusative | arrufarme | arrufarte | arrufarlo, arrufarla, arrufarse | arrufarnos | arrufaros | arrufarlos, arrufarlas, arrufarse | |
| with gerund arrufando | dative | arrufándome | arrufándote | arrufándole, arrufándose | arrufándonos | arrufándoos | arrufándoles, arrufándose |
| accusative | arrufándome | arrufándote | arrufándolo, arrufándola, arrufándose | arrufándonos | arrufándoos | arrufándolos, arrufándolas, arrufándose | |
| with informal second-person singular tú imperative arrufa | dative | arrúfame | arrúfate | arrúfale | arrúfanos | not used | arrúfales |
| accusative | arrúfame | arrúfate | arrúfalo, arrúfala | arrúfanos | not used | arrúfalos, arrúfalas | |
| with informal second-person singular vos imperative arrufá | dative | arrufame | arrufate | arrufale | arrufanos | not used | arrufales |
| accusative | arrufame | arrufate | arrufalo, arrufala | arrufanos | not used | arrufalos, arrufalas | |
| with formal second-person singular imperative arrufe | dative | arrúfeme | not used | arrúfele, arrúfese | arrúfenos | not used | arrúfeles |
| accusative | arrúfeme | not used | arrúfelo, arrúfela, arrúfese | arrúfenos | not used | arrúfelos, arrúfelas | |
| with first-person plural imperative arrufemos | dative | not used | arrufémoste | arrufémosle | arrufémonos | arrufémoos | arrufémosles |
| accusative | not used | arrufémoste | arrufémoslo, arrufémosla | arrufémonos | arrufémoos | arrufémoslos, arrufémoslas | |
| with informal second-person plural imperative arrufad | dative | arrufadme | not used | arrufadle | arrufadnos | arrufaos | arrufadles |
| accusative | arrufadme | not used | arrufadlo, arrufadla | arrufadnos | arrufaos | arrufadlos, arrufadlas | |
| with formal second-person plural imperative arrufen | dative | arrúfenme | not used | arrúfenle | arrúfennos | not used | arrúfenles, arrúfense |
| accusative | arrúfenme | not used | arrúfenlo, arrúfenla | arrúfennos | not used | arrúfenlos, arrúfenlas, arrúfense | |
Further reading
- “arrufar”, in Diccionario de la lengua española [Dictionary of the Spanish Language] (in Spanish), online version 23.8, Royal Spanish Academy [Spanish: Real Academia Española], 10 December 2024