docuirethar

Old Irish

Etymology

From to- +‎ ·cuirethar, prototonic form of fo·ceird. The perfective forms are from to- + ro- + Proto-Celtic *layeti.

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /doˈkurʲəθər/, [doˈkurʲeθar]

Verb

do·cuirethar (verbal noun tochor or tochuiriud)

to put, to place
- c. 760 Blathmac mac Con Brettan, published in "Blathmac's Stanzas 260-303 on Judgement Day" (2019; Celtica), edited and with translations by Siobhán Barrett and David Stifter, stanza 268
  Du·foícherr fora leth ndesa cháercha íarna nglanmes. [MS. Dṿfocerr fā leiṭ ndes acaorċa iar na nglainmẹṣ.]
  He will put, on his right side, his sheep after purely judging them.
- c. 800–825, Diarmait, Milan Glosses on the Psalms, published in Thesaurus Palaeohibernicus (reprinted 1987, Dublin Institute for Advanced Studies), edited and with translations by Whitley Stokes and John Strachan, vol. I, pp. 7–483, Ml. 35^d22
  Ní rádi ní trí thalmaidchi amal dund·chuirethar inna beulu acht as·rochoíli 7 im·rádi ɔdib sainemail na nní labrathar.
  He does not say anything in haste as he puts [his words] into his mouth, but instead he determines [what he is about to say] and thinks [before he speaks] so that anything he says is excellent.
- c. 700–800 Táin Bó Cúailnge, published in Táin Bó Cúailnge. Recension I (1976, Dublin: Dublin Institute for Advanced Studies), edited and with translations by Cecile O'Rahilly, TBC-I 1004
  Do·chorastár [sic] in glaiss for cúlu oss é cona liic fora thairr.
  The river turned [Úalu] onto his back so that he was with his stone on his belly.
- c. 808, Félire Oengusso, Prologue, lines 13-16; republished as Whitley Stokes, transl., Félire Óengusso Céli Dé: The Martyrology of Oengus the Culdee, Harrison & Sons, 1905:
  Do rigrad no·molur, ol is tú mo ruiri, do·ralus ar m'airi gréschi occa nguidi.
  Your sg kings [glorious saints] who I praise, given that you are my sovereign [ruiri], I have borne in mind constancy in beseeching them.
to throw, to cast
to invite

Inflection

This verb conjugated differently depending on the sense.

For meanings related to “put” or “throw”, this term was highly suppletive, with a perfective formation in underlying to- + ro- + ·lá and a future formation directly suppleted from fo·ceird. It was also defective, as personal conjugations outside of the third person were almost non-existent.

Complex, class A II present, s preterite, s future, a subjunctive
		active						passive
		singular			plural			singular	plural
		1^st	2^nd	3^rd	1^st	2^nd	3^rd	singular	plural
present indicative	deut.			du·cuiredar, do·cuirethar, do·corethar			do·cuiretar	do·focuirther, do·cuirither
present indicative	prot.							·tochar, ·tochuirther

imperfect indicative	deut.			do·corad			·tochratis
imperfect indicative	prot.			·tachrad

preterite	deut.			du·corastar, do·corastar
preterite	prot.			·tochrastar

perfect	deut.	do·ralus		dus·rale (with infixed pronoun s-)				do·ralad	*do·ralta
perfect	prot.	*·tarlus						*·tarlad

future	deut.			du·foícherr
future	prot.						·dichret

conditional	deut.			do·fóichred
conditional	prot.			·toichred

present subjunctive	deut.			do·corathar; to·rala (ro-form)
present subjunctive	prot.		·drala (ro-form)	·tochrathar; ·rathochra (late ro-form)	·tarlam (ro-form)

past subjunctive	deut.
past subjunctive	prot.

imperative			tochre

verbal noun		tochor
past participle
verbal of necessity

On the other hand, when meaning “invite”, the verb was not defective and lacked suppletion. It also called for a different verbal noun, tochuiriud, instead of tochor.

Complex, class A II present, s preterite, f future, a subjunctive
		active						passive
		singular			plural			singular	plural
		1^st	2^nd	3^rd	1^st	2^nd	3^rd	singular	plural
present indicative	deut.	do·cuiriur		do·cuirethar				do·focuirther
present indicative	prot.

imperfect indicative	deut.
imperfect indicative	prot.

preterite	deut.
preterite	prot.

perfect	deut.			do·rochurestar	do·rochuirsemmar
perfect	prot.

future	deut.	do·cuirifar
future	prot.								·tocuirfiter

conditional	deut.
conditional	prot.							·tochuiribthe

present subjunctive	deut.
present subjunctive	prot.

past subjunctive	deut.
past subjunctive	prot.

imperative				tocuired		tocuirid

verbal noun		tochuiriud
past participle
verbal of necessity

Descendants

Most descendants of this verb eventually lost all the original Old Irish senses, gaining a meaning "to happen", especially in the perfect. The original senses were taken over by Middle Irish cuirid.

Middle Irish: tochraid, tachraid
- Irish: tachar (“putting, placing”, noun) (originally verbal noun)
- Scottish Gaelic: tachair
- Manx: taghyr
⇒ Middle Irish: do·rala, tarla (from perfect)
- Irish: tarlaigh
- Scottish Gaelic: thàrladh, tàrlaidh

Mutation

Mutation of *do·cuirethar*
radical	lenition	nasalization
do·cuirethar	do·chuirethar	do·cuirethar pronounced with /ɡ-/

Note: Certain mutated forms of some words can never occur in Old Irish.
All possible mutated forms are displayed for convenience.