gwybod
Welsh
Etymology
From Middle Welsh gwybot, from Proto-Brythonic *gwɨbod. Originally a compound of bod (“to be”) with an adjective derived from Proto-Celtic *wid-, from Proto-Indo-European *weyd- (“to know”).[1][2]
Pronunciation
- (North Wales, standard, colloquial) IPA(key): /ˈɡwɨ̞bɔd/
- (North Wales, colloquial) IPA(key): /ˈɡʊbɔd/, /ˈɡʊbɔ/
- (South Wales, standard) IPA(key): /ˈɡʊi̯bɔd/, /ˈɡwɪbɔd/
- (South Wales, colloquial) IPA(key): /ˈɡuːbɔd/, /ˈɡʊbɔd/, /ˈɡuːbɔ/, /ˈɡʊbɔ/
Audio: (file) - Rhymes: -ɨ̞bɔd, -ʊɨ̯bɔd
Verb
gwybod (first-person singular present gwn)
- to know (be certain or sure about (something); have knowledge of; be informed about)
Usage notes
- In the colloquial language, this verb does not form an inflected preterite; instead the imperfect and the periphrastic preterite are used.
- This verb is not used in the sense of knowing a person or a place, only facts. To know a person/place is nabod (colloquial) or adnabod (literary).
Conjugation
Conjugation
| Literary forms | singular | plural | impersonal | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| first | second | third | first | second | third | ||
| present | gwn | gwyddost | gŵyr | gwyddom | gwyddoch | gwyddant | gwyddys, gwys, gwyddir |
| future | gwybyddaf | gwybyddi | gwybydd | gwybyddwn | gwybyddwch | gwybyddant | gwyddir, gwybyddir |
| imperfect | gwyddwn | gwyddit | gwyddai, gwyddiad | gwyddem | gwyddech | gwyddent | gwyddid, gwybyddid |
| preterite | gwybûm | gwybuost | gwybu | gwybuom | gwybuoch | gwybuont, gwybuant | gwybuwyd |
| pluperfect | gwybuaswn | gwybuasit | gwybuasai | gwybuasem | gwybuasech | gwybuasent | gwybuasid |
| present subjunctive | gwypwyf, gwybyddwyf | gwypych, gwybyddych | gwypo, gwybyddo | gwypom, gwybyddom | gwypoch, gwybyddoch | gwypont, gwybyddont | gwyper, gwybydder |
| imperfect subjunctive | gwypwn, gwybyddwn | gwypit, gwybyddit | gwypai, gwybyddai | gwypem, gwybyddem | gwypech, gwybyddech | gwypent, gwybyddent | gwypid, gwybyddid |
| imperative | — | gwybydd | gwyped, gwybydded | gwybyddwn | gwybyddwch | gwypent, gwybyddent | gwyper, gwybydder |
| verbal noun | gwybod | ||||||
| verbal adjectives | gwybodedig gwybodadwy, gwybyddadwy | ||||||
| Colloquial forms | singular | plural | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| first | second | third | first | second | third | |
| present | gwn i | gwyddost ti | gŵyr e/o/hi | gwyddon ni | gwyddoch chi | gwyddon nhw, gwyddan nhw |
| imperfect | gwyddwn i | gwyddet ti | gwyddai fe/fo/hi | gwydden ni | gwyddech chi | gwydden nhw |
| Note: All other forms are periphrastic, as usual in colloquial Welsh. | ||||||
- In northern colloquial language, gwn may be prefixed with d- in the phrase dwn i ddim (“I don't know”), where dwn is a contraction of literary nid wn.
Derived terms
Mutation
| radical | soft | nasal | aspirate |
|---|---|---|---|
| gwybod | wybod | ngwybod | unchanged |
Note: Certain mutated forms of some words can never occur in standard Welsh.
All possible mutated forms are displayed for convenience.
References
- ^ Morris Jones, John (1913) A Welsh Grammar, Historical and Comparative, Oxford: Clarendon Press, § 191 iii
- ^ R. J. Thomas, G. A. Bevan, P. J. Donovan, A. Hawke et al., editors (1950–present), “gwybod”, in Geiriadur Prifysgol Cymru Online (in Welsh), University of Wales Centre for Advanced Welsh & Celtic Studies