Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/weyd-

This Proto-Indo-European entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Indo-European

Root

*weyd- (stative)^[1]^[2]^[3]

to see

Derived terms

Terms derived from the Proto-Indo-European root *weyd- (65 c, 0 e)

*wéyd-e-ti (thematic root present)^[1]^[4]
- Proto-Celtic: *weideti (“to tell, relate”) (see there for further descendants)
- >? Proto-Germanic: *wlītaną (“to see, look”) (#wl contamination perhaps from *wel- ~ *wl- (“to see”)^[5]) (see there for further descendants)
  - ⇒ Proto-Germanic: *wlaitōną (“to search”) (see there for further descendants)
  - ⇒ Proto-Germanic: *wlitiz (“sight, appearance, face”) (see there for further descendants)
- Proto-Germanic: *wītaną (“to direct the attention to, to scold”) (see there for further descendants)
- Proto-Hellenic: *wéidō
  - Ancient Greek: εἴδομαι (eídomai, “to be seen, appear”)

*wid-é-t (thematic root aorist)
- Armenian:
  - Old Armenian: եգիտ (egit, “to find”)
- Proto-Hellenic: *widon
  - Ancient Greek: εἶδον (eîdon)
- Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Háwidat
  - Proto-Indo-Aryan: *Háwidat
    - Sanskrit: अविदत् (ávidat)
  - Proto-Iranian: *Háwidat
    - Old Avestan: 𐬬𐬍𐬛𐬀𐬝 (vīdat̰)

*wi-né-d-ti ~ *wi-n-d-énti (nasal-infix present)^[1]^[6]^[7]
- Armenian:
  - Old Armenian: գտանեմ (gtanem)
    - Armenian: գտնել (gtnel)
- Proto-Celtic: *windeti
  - Proto-Brythonic: *gwɨbod (see there for further descendants)
  - Old Irish: ro·finnadar (see there for further descendants)
- Proto-Indo-Iranian: *winátˢti
  - Proto-Indo-Aryan:
    - Sanskrit: विन्दति (vindáti) (thematicised from weak stem)
  - Proto-Iranian:
    - Avestan:
      Old Avestan: 𐬬𐬍𐬥𐬀𐬯𐬙𐬍 (vīnastī)
      
      Younger Avestan: 𐬬𐬌𐬥𐬀𐬯𐬙𐬌 (vinasti)
    - Middle Persian: 𐫇𐫏𐫗𐫅𐫏𐫗𐫅 (wyndynd /⁠windēnd⁠/, 3pl.pres.ind.)
    - Parthian: 𐫇𐫏𐫗𐫅𐫏𐫅 (wyndyd /⁠windēd⁠/, 3sg.pres.ind.)
    - Northern Kurdish: -bîn-/-wîn-

*wóyd-e ~ *wid-ḗr (“to have seen, to know”, stative)^[1]^[8]

*woyd-éye-ti (eye-causative)^[1]
- Proto-Celtic: *woidīti
  - Old Irish: foídid
- Proto-Germanic: *waitijaną (see there for further descendants)
- Proto-Indo-Iranian: *waydáyati
  - Proto-Indo-Aryan: *waydáyati
    - Sanskrit: वेदयति (vedáyati)
  - Proto-Iranian: *waydáyati
    - Old Avestan: 𐬁𐬎𐬎𐬀𐬉𐬜𐬀𐬌𐬌𐬀𐬨𐬀𐬵𐬍 (āuuaēδaiiamahī, 1pl.pres.caus.)
    - Younger Avestan: 𐬬𐬀𐬉𐬜𐬀𐬌𐬌𐬈𐬨𐬌 (vaēδaiiemi, 1sg.pres.caus.)

*wéyd-se-ti (“to want to see”, desiderative)^[1]

*widónts (“seeing”)

*wéyd-o-s
- Proto-Balto-Slavic: *wéiˀdas^[9] (see there for further descendants)
- Proto-Celtic: *weidos (see there for further descendants)

*wéyd-os ~ *wéyd-es-os
- Proto-Hellenic: *wéidos
  - Ancient Greek: εἶδος (eîdos, “appearance; sight”)
- Proto-Indo-Iranian: *wáydas
  - Proto-Indo-Aryan: *wáydas
    - Sanskrit: वेदस् (védas, “knowledge, science”)
  - Proto-Iranian: *wáydah
    - Younger Avestan: 𐬬𐬀𐬉𐬜𐬀𐬵 (vaēδah)

*wóyd-o-s
- Proto-Indo-Iranian: *wáydas
  - Proto-Indo-Aryan: *wáydas
    - Sanskrit: वेद (véda, “knowledge”)

*wéyd-ih₂ ~ *wid-yéh₂-s
- Proto-Indo-Iranian: *waydyáH
  - Proto-Indo-Aryan: *waydyáH
    - Sanskrit: वेद्या (vedyā́, “knowledge; art”)

*weyd-oh₂-lo-m
- Proto-Hellenic: *weidōlon
  - Ancient Greek: εἴδωλον (eídōlon)
*wéyd-ti-s ~ *wid-téy-s
- Proto-Balto-Slavic: *waiˀstis
  - Latvian: vēsts
  - Proto-Slavic: *vě̏stь (see there for further descendants)
- Proto-Indo-Iranian:
  - Proto-Indo-Aryan:
    - Sanskrit: वित्ति (vítti)
*weyd-to-s
- Proto-Germanic: *wīsaz (“wise”) (see there for further descendants)
*wéyd-tōr ~ *wid-tr-és (“viewer, witness”)
*wéyd-tu-s ~ *wid-téw-s (“(act of) seeing, knowledge”)
- Proto-Celtic: *wissus (see there for further descendants)
- Italic:
  - Latin: vīsus (see there for further descendants)
*n̥-wid-eh₂-
- Proto-Hellenic: *əwidās
  - Ancient Greek: Ἀΐδης (Aḯdēs)
*n̥-wid-ḗs (<*n̥-wid-és-s)
- Proto-Hellenic: *əwidḗs
  - Ancient Greek: ἀϊδής (aïdḗs)
*né-wid-s
- Proto-Hellenic: *néwits
  - Ancient Greek: νῆις (nêis)
*wid-mṓ^[3]^[10]
- Proto-Hellenic: *idmōn
  - Ancient Greek: ἴδμων (ídmōn, “knowing”)
- >? Proto-Indo-Iranian:
  - Proto-Indo-Aryan:
    - Sanskrit: विद्मन् (vidmán, “knowledge”)
*wid-ri-s
- Proto-Hellenic: *widris
  - Ancient Greek: ἴδρις (ídris)
*wid-ró-s
- Proto-Germanic: *witraz (see there for further descendants)
*wid-tó-s
*wid-yó-s
- Proto-Germanic: *witją (“knowledge; reason, sense, understanding; wit”)
- Proto-Indo-Iranian: *widyáH (from *wid-y-éh₂)
  - Proto-Indo-Aryan: *widyáH
    - Sanskrit: विद्या (vidyā́, “knowledge, science; scholarship”)

Unsorted formations

Albanian:
- Albanian: *vidsa
  - Albanian: vizë
Armenian:
- Old Armenian: գիւտ (giwt)
Balto-Slavic:
- Proto-Balto-Slavic: *weiˀdēˀtei (probably a secondary formation^[1])
  - Latgalian: veidētʹ (“to be visible”)
  - Latvian: viedêt
  - Lithuanian: veizdė́ti
  - Proto-Slavic: *vìděti (see there for further descendants)
- Lithuanian: vaizdas
- Old Prussian: widdai
Proto-Germanic: *wīsǭ (“manner, way”)
Hellenic:
- Ancient Greek: ἀΐδηλος (aḯdēlos)
- Ancient Greek: ἀείδελος (aeídelos, “invisible”)
? Proto-Italic: *woidai (third person singular: *woide(d))
- Latin: vīdī (third person singular: vīdit)
Proto-Italic: *widēō (< *wid-eh₁- ?^[11]) (see there for further descendants)
Phrygian: [script needed] (wit-)
Proto-Tocharian: *wäwén-^[12] (see there for further descendants)
Proto-Tocharian: *wiäime (possibly)^[13] (see there for further descendants)

Descendants

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *wayd-
- Proto-Indo-Aryan: *wayd-
  - Sanskrit: विद् (vid)
- Proto-Iranian: *wayd- (see there for further descendants)

References

↑ ^1.0 ^1.1 ^1.2 ^1.3 ^1.4 ^1.5 ^1.6 Rix, Helmut, editor (2001), “*u̯ei̯d-”, in Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben [Lexicon of Indo-European Verbs] (in German), 2nd edition, Wiesbaden: Dr. Ludwig Reichert Verlag, →ISBN, pages 665-667
^ Cheung, Johnny (2007) “*u̯aid¹, *u̯aid²”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Iranian Verb (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 2), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, pages 408-410
↑ ^3.0 ^3.1 Wodtko, Dagmar S., Irslinger, Britta, Schneider, Carolin (2008) Nomina im indogermanischen Lexikon [Nouns in the Indo-European Lexicon] (in German), Heidelberg: Universitätsverlag Winter, pages 717-722
^ Matasović, Ranko (2009) “*wēd-o-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Celtic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 9), Leiden: Brill, →ISBN, page 407
^ Rix, Helmut, editor (2001), “u̯el-”, in Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben [Lexicon of Indo-European Verbs] (in German), 2nd edition, Wiesbaden: Dr. Ludwig Reichert Verlag, →ISBN, page 675
^ Martirosyan, Hrach (2010) “*git-”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Armenian Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 8), Leiden and Boston: Brill, page 216
^ Matasović, Ranko (2009) “*wi-n-d-o-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Celtic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 9), Leiden: Brill, →ISBN, pages 422-423
^ Ringe, Donald (2006) From Proto-Indo-European to Proto-Germanic (A Linguistic History of English; 1)‎^[1], Oxford: Oxford University Press, →ISBN
^ Derksen, Rick (2015) “veidas”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Baltic Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 13), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 494
^ Yates, Anthony (2022) “A new prosodic reconstruction of Proto-Indo-European *-mon-stems”, in Indo-European Linguistics, volume 10, number 1, →DOI, →ISSN, page 249-250 of 214–288
^ De Vaan, Michiel (2008) “videō”, in Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 676
^ Adams, Douglas Q. (2013) “ūwe”, in A Dictionary of Tocharian B: Revised and Greatly Enlarged (Leiden Studies in Indo-European; 10), Amsterdam, New York: Rodopi, →ISBN, pages 75-76
^ Adams, Douglas Q. (2013) “īme”, in A Dictionary of Tocharian B: Revised and Greatly Enlarged (Leiden Studies in Indo-European; 10), Amsterdam, New York: Rodopi, →ISBN, page 71

[LIV-1] 1.0 ^1.1 ^1.2 ^1.3 ^1.4 ^1.5 ^1.6 Rix, Helmut, editor (2001), “*u̯ei̯d-”, in Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben [Lexicon of Indo-European Verbs] (in German), 2nd edition, Wiesbaden: Dr. Ludwig Reichert Verlag, →ISBN, pages 665-667

[2] Cheung, Johnny (2007) “*u̯aid¹, *u̯aid²”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Iranian Verb (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 2), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, pages 408-410

[NIL-3] 3.0 ^3.1 Wodtko, Dagmar S., Irslinger, Britta, Schneider, Carolin (2008) Nomina im indogermanischen Lexikon [Nouns in the Indo-European Lexicon] (in German), Heidelberg: Universitätsverlag Winter, pages 717-722

[4] Matasović, Ranko (2009) “*wēd-o-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Celtic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 9), Leiden: Brill, →ISBN, page 407

[5] Rix, Helmut, editor (2001), “u̯el-”, in Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben [Lexicon of Indo-European Verbs] (in German), 2nd edition, Wiesbaden: Dr. Ludwig Reichert Verlag, →ISBN, page 675

[6] Martirosyan, Hrach (2010) “*git-”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Armenian Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 8), Leiden and Boston: Brill, page 216

[7] Matasović, Ranko (2009) “*wi-n-d-o-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Celtic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 9), Leiden: Brill, →ISBN, pages 422-423

[8] Ringe, Donald (2006) From Proto-Indo-European to Proto-Germanic (A Linguistic History of English; 1)‎^[1], Oxford: Oxford University Press, →ISBN

[9] Derksen, Rick (2015) “veidas”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Baltic Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 13), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 494

[10] Yates, Anthony (2022) “A new prosodic reconstruction of Proto-Indo-European *-mon-stems”, in Indo-European Linguistics, volume 10, number 1, →DOI, →ISSN, page 249-250 of 214–288

[11] De Vaan, Michiel (2008) “videō”, in Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 676

[12] Adams, Douglas Q. (2013) “ūwe”, in A Dictionary of Tocharian B: Revised and Greatly Enlarged (Leiden Studies in Indo-European; 10), Amsterdam, New York: Rodopi, →ISBN, pages 75-76

[13] Adams, Douglas Q. (2013) “īme”, in A Dictionary of Tocharian B: Revised and Greatly Enlarged (Leiden Studies in Indo-European; 10), Amsterdam, New York: Rodopi, →ISBN, page 71

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Proto-Indo-European

Root

Derived terms

Descendants

Further reading

References