umbra

Borrowed from Latin umbra (“shadow”). Doublet of umber.

• enPR: ŭmʹbrə, IPA^(key): /ˈʌmbɹə/

• Audio (Southern England):

  (file)

• Rhymes: -ʌmbɹə
• Hyphenation: um‧bra

umbra (plural umbras or umbrae or (obsolete) umbræ)

1. The fully shaded inner region of a shadow cast by an opaque object.
   1. (astronomy) The area on the earth or moon experiencing the total phase of an eclipse.
2. (astronomy) The central region of a sunspot.
3. (chiefly literary) A shadow.
4. (archaic) An uninvited guest brought along by one who was invited.
5. One of the family Umbridae of mudminnows.
6. One of genus Umbrina of drums (family Sciaenidae).
7. (mathematics) An element of the umbral calculus.
   • 2009, Ernesto Damiani, Ottavio D'Antona, Vincenzo Marra, From Combinatorics to Philosophy: The Legacy of G.-C. Rota, (page 113)#:

     In order to set up such an algorithm, we need the notion of multiplicative inverse of an umbra. Two umbrae are said to be multiplicative inverse to each other when αγ ≡ u.

• antumbra
• penumbra

• Burma, rumba

• IPA^(key): (Central, Balearic) [ˈum.bɾə]
• IPA^(key): (Valencia) [ˈum.bɾa]

umbra f (plural umbres)

1. female equivalent of umbre

umbra

1. feminine singular of umbre

From Latin umbra (“shadow”).

• IPA^(key): /ɔmbra/, [ˈɔmb̥ʁɑ]

umbra c (singular definite umbraen, not used in plural form)

1. umber (pigment, colour)
2. (as an adjective) umber (of a reddish brown colour)

Learned borrowing from Latin umbra.

• IPA^(key): /ˈumbrɑ/, [ˈum.brɑ̝]
• Rhymes: -umbrɑ
• Syllabification^(key): umb‧ra
• Hyphenation^(key): umb‧ra

umbra

1. umbra

• (part of a shadow): täysvarjo

• “umbra”, in Kielitoimiston sanakirja [Dictionary of Contemporary Finnish]‎^[1] (in Finnish) (online dictionary, continuously updated), Kotimaisten kielten keskuksen verkkojulkaisuja 35, Helsinki: Kotimaisten kielten tutkimuskeskus (Institute for the Languages of Finland), 2004–, retrieved 4 July 2023

• Burma, burma, rumba

From Latin.

umbra (plural umbras)

1. shadow

• IPA^(key): /ˈum.bra/
• Rhymes: -umbra
• Hyphenation: ùm‧bra

umbra

1. feminine singular of umbro

umbra f (plural umbre)

1. female equivalent of umbro

• bruma, rumba

Generally connected with Lithuanian unksna (“shade”), from Proto-Indo-European *wnksrā-. This term is tentatively derived from Proto-Indo-European *(H)wenk- (“to bend”); however, the semantic leaps required to go from "bend" to "shade" are large and unlikely.^[1]

Alternatively, if from Old Latin *omra, possibly from a Proto-Indo-European *h₂mr-u-, *h₂mrup-; related to Ancient Greek ἀμαυρός (amaurós, “dark”), Luwian 𒈠𒅈𒉿𒄿𒀀 (“rot”), and 𒈠𒊒𒉿𒄿 (“rotten”) (also see Hittite Maraššantiya, their name for the Kızılırmak River), and this Indo-European source is said to be a possible borrowing from a Semitic root *ḥ-m-r (“be red”), compare Arabic ح م ر (ḥ m r).^[2]

• (Classical Latin) IPA^(key): [ˈʊm.bra]
• (modern Italianate Ecclesiastical) IPA^(key): [ˈum.bra]

umbra f (genitive umbrae); first declension

1. shadow
   1. (figurative, by extension) shade, shady place, shadowy place
      • 8 CE, Ovid, Metamorphoses 12.513:

        nudus Arboris Othrys erat nec habebat Pelion umbras

        Mount Othrys is devoid of trees; Mount Pelion does not have shade

      • 8 CE, Ovid, Metamorphoses 10.88-90:

        Umbra loco deerat: qua postquam parte resedit dis genitus vates et fila sonantia movit, umbra loco venit.

        There was no shade there; but, when the poet—born of the god—sat down and moved the strings of his lyre, shade came to that spot.

2. shade, ghost, phantom, apparition
3. (plural) the realm of shades, the shades, the world below or underworld
   • 29 BCE – 19 BCE, Virgil, Aeneid 4.25-26:

     “[...] vel Pater omnipotēns adigat mē fulmine ad umbrās,
     pallentīs umbrās Erebī noctemque profundam, [...].”

     “[...] or the Father almighty hurl me with his thunderbolt to the shades, the pallid shades and boundless night of Erebus [...].”
     (That is, the Underworld, or land of the dead. The repetition is an example of epanalepsis.)

4. imperfect copy or representation of something, pretence, faint appearance
   • 63 BCE, Cicero, Pro Murena 6.13:

     in eo te umbram luxuriae reperturum putas?

     You think you shall find even a shadow of luxury in that man?

5. shelter, cover
6. leisure, rest
7. drumfish

First-declension noun.

• umbrātiō

• “umbra”, in Charlton T. Lewis and Charles Short (1879) A Latin Dictionary, Oxford: Clarendon Press
• “umbra”, in Charlton T. Lewis (1891) An Elementary Latin Dictionary, New York: Harper & Brothers
• umbra in Gaffiot, Félix (1934) Dictionnaire illustré latin-français, Hachette.
• Carl Meißner, Henry William Auden (1894) Latin Phrase-Book‎^[2], London: Macmillan and Co.
  • to exert oneself in the schools: desudare in scholae umbra or umbraculis
    
• “umbra”, in Harry Thurston Peck, editor (1898), Harper’s Dictionary of Classical Antiquities, New York: Harper & Brothers

From Latin umbra (“shade, shadow”).

umbra m (definite singular umbraen, indefinite plural umbraer or umbraar, definite plural umbraene or umbraane)

1. (chemistry)
2. a dark earthy colour
3. (astronomy) the shade from a planet
4. (astronomy, by extension) central region of a sunspot

• “umbra” in The Nynorsk Dictionary.

umbra f

1. definite nominative/accusative singular of umbră

• IPA^(key): /ˈumbɾa/ [ˈũm.bɾa]
• Rhymes: -umbɾa
• Syllabification: um‧bra

umbra f (plural umbras)

1. female equivalent of umbro

umbra

1. feminine singular of umbro

umbra f (plural umbras)

1. (obsolete) shade, shadow

• “umbra”, in Diccionario de la lengua española [Dictionary of the Spanish Language] (in Spanish), online version 23.8, Royal Spanish Academy [Spanish: Real Academia Española], 10 December 2024