πόλεμος
Ancient Greek
Alternative forms
Etymology
According to Beekes, of Pre-Greek origin, as suggested by πτ/π variation in its variants.
However, the word has been connected to πάλλω (pállō, “to poise, sway, brandish”), πελεμίζω (pelemízō, “to shake, cause to quiver or tremble, struggle at the bow, in order to bend it”) and perhaps ψάλλω (psállō, “to pluck, twitch a string with the fingers; to sing to a harp, chant praises”), all possibly from Proto-Indo-European *pel- (“to beat, push, drive”) (which Beekes finds semantically unconvincing, despite not being particularly farfetched).[1]
Compare Latin pello (“to push, drive, strike; to rout, conquer, defeat; to strike a chord; to touch, move”) and palpo (“to touch softly, stroke, pat, caress”), English feel, Ancient Greek πλήσσω (plḗssō, “to strike, smite”), Gothic 𐌿𐍃𐍆𐌹𐌻𐌼𐌰 (usfilma, “terrified, appalled”), 𐌿𐍃𐍆𐌹𐌻𐌼𐌴𐌹 (usfilmei, “fright, horror, dismay”) – quasi analogies to ἐκπλήσσω (ekplḗssō) –, and Russian полох (polox, “fear, fright”).
Pronunciation
- (5th BCE Attic) IPA(key): /pó.le.mos/
- (1st CE Egyptian) IPA(key): /ˈpo.le.mos/
- (4th CE Koine) IPA(key): /ˈpo.le.mos/
- (10th CE Byzantine) IPA(key): /ˈpo.le.mos/
- (15th CE Constantinopolitan) IPA(key): /ˈpo.le.mos/
Noun
πόλεμος • (pólemos) m (genitive πολέμου); second declension
Inflection
| Case / # | Singular | Dual | Plural | ||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Nominative | ὁ πόλεμος ho pólemos |
τὼ πολέμω tṑ polémō |
οἱ πόλεμοι hoi pólemoi | ||||||||||
| Genitive | τοῦ πολέμου toû polémou |
τοῖν πολέμοιν toîn polémoin |
τῶν πολέμων tôn polémōn | ||||||||||
| Dative | τῷ πολέμῳ tōî polémōi |
τοῖν πολέμοιν toîn polémoin |
τοῖς πολέμοις toîs polémois | ||||||||||
| Accusative | τὸν πόλεμον tòn pólemon |
τὼ πολέμω tṑ polémō |
τοὺς πολέμους toùs polémous | ||||||||||
| Vocative | πόλεμε póleme |
πολέμω polémō |
πόλεμοι pólemoi | ||||||||||
| Notes: |
| ||||||||||||
Derived terms
- βᾰθῠπόλεμος (băthŭpólemos)
- μενεπτόλεμος (meneptólemos)
- πολεμαδόκος (polemadókos)
- πολέμαιγις (polémaigis)
- πολεμαίνετος (polemaínetos)
- πολεμάρχειος (polemárkheios)
- πολεμαρχέω (polemarkhéō)
- πολεμάρχης (polemárkhēs)
- πολεμαρχία (polemarkhía)
- πολεμαρχικός (polemarkhikós)
- πολέμαρχος (polémarkhos)
- πολεμέω (poleméō)
- πολεμηδόκος (polemēdókos)
- πολεμήϊος (polemḗïos)
- πολεμησείω (polemēseíō)
- πολεμητέον (polemētéon)
- πολεμητήριον (polemētḗrion)
- πολεμητής (polemētḗs)
- πολεμητόκος (polemētókos)
- πολεμήτωρ (polemḗtōr)
- πολεμιεῖον (polemieîon)
- πολεμίζω (polemízō)
- πολεμικός (polemikós)
- πολέμιος (polémios)
- πολεμιστήριος (polemistḗrios)
- πολεμιστής (polemistḗs)
- πολεμιστρίς (polemistrís)
- πολεμογράφος (polemográphos)
- πολεμοκέλαδος (polemokélados)
- πολεμόκλονος (polemóklonos)
- πολεμόκραντος (polemókrantos)
- πολεμολαμαχαϊκός (polemolamakhaïkós)
- πόλεμόνδε (pólemónde)
- πολεμοποιέω (polemopoiéō)
- πολεμοποιός (polemopoiós)
- πολεμοτροφέω (polemotrophéō)
- πολεμοφθόρος (polemophthóros)
- πολεμοφόνευτος (polemophóneutos)
- πολεμόφρων (polemóphrōn)
- πολεμόω (polemóō)
- πολεμώδης (polemṓdēs)
- Πολέμων (Polémōn)
- πολεμώνιον (polemṓnion)
- Τληπόλεμος (Tlēpólemos)
Descendants
- Greek: πόλεμος (pólemos)
- → Hebrew: פּוֹלְמוֹס (polmós)
References
- ^ Beekes, Robert S. P. (2010) “πόλεμος”, in Etymological Dictionary of Greek (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 10), with the assistance of Lucien van Beek, Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, pages 1218-9
Further reading
- “πόλεμος”, in Liddell & Scott (1940) A Greek–English Lexicon, Oxford: Clarendon Press
- “πόλεμος”, in Liddell & Scott (1940) A Greek–English Lexicon, Oxford: Clarendon Press
- “πόλεμος”, in Liddell & Scott (1889) An Intermediate Greek–English Lexicon, New York: Harper & Brothers
- “πόλεμος”, in Autenrieth, Georg (1891) A Homeric Dictionary for Schools and Colleges, New York: Harper and Brothers
- πόλεμος in Bailly, Anatole (1935) Le Grand Bailly: Dictionnaire grec-français, Paris: Hachette
- Bauer, Walter et al. (2001) A Greek–English Lexicon of the New Testament and Other Early Christian Literature, Third edition, Chicago: University of Chicago Press
- πόλεμος in Cunliffe, Richard J. (1924) A Lexicon of the Homeric Dialect: Expanded Edition, Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, published 1963
- “πόλεμος”, in Slater, William J. (1969) Lexicon to Pindar, Berlin: Walter de Gruyter
- G4171 in Strong, James (1979) Strong’s Exhaustive Concordance to the Bible
- Woodhouse, S. C. (1910) English–Greek Dictionary: A Vocabulary of the Attic Language[1], London: Routledge & Kegan Paul Limited.
- circumstance idem, page 133.
- hostility idem, page 407.
- surrounding idem, page 845.
- sword idem, page 849.
- war idem, page 962.
- warfare idem, page 964.
Greek
Etymology
From Ancient Greek πόλεμος (pólemos).
Noun
πόλεμος • (pólemos) m (plural πόλεμοι)
- war
- εμφύλιος πόλεμος ― emfýlios pólemos ― civil war
- ακήρυχτος πόλεμος ― akírychtos pólemos ― undeclared war
- ολοκληρωτικός πόλεμος ― oloklirotikós pólemos ― total war
- ανάπηρος πολέμου ― anápiros polémou ― disabled serviceman
Declension
| singular | plural | |
|---|---|---|
| nominative | πόλεμος (pólemos) | πόλεμοι (pólemoi) |
| genitive | πολέμου (polémou) | πολέμων (polémon) |
| accusative | πόλεμο (pólemo) | πολέμους (polémous) |
| vocative | πόλεμε (póleme) | πόλεμοι (pólemoi) |
Derived terms
- ανταρτοπόλεμος m (antartopólemos, “guerrilla warfare/war”)
- αντιπολεμικός (antipolemikós, “antiwar”, adjective)
- απολέμητος (apolémitos, “uncontested”, adjective)
- απόλεμος (apólemos, “untried in battle”, adjective)
- εμφύλιος πόλεμος m (emfýlios pólemos, “civil war”)
Further reading
- πόλεμος on the Greek Wikipedia.Wikipedia el