кум

• IPA^(key): /kum/
• Rhymes: -um
• Hyphenation: кум

From Proto-Mari *kŭm, from Proto-Uralic *kolme. Cognate with Western Mari кым (kym).

кум • (kum) (long form/predicative кумыт)

Eastern Mari numbers ^(edit)

	30
[a], [b] ←  2	3	4  → [a], [b]
Cardinal: кум (kum), кумыт (kumyt)     Ordinal: кумшо (kumšo)

1. three

   кум сутка

   kum sutka

   three days

Borrowed from Russian кум (kum).

кум • (kum)

1. godfather
2. father (of one's godchild)
3. (figuratively) nepotism, favoritism/favouritism

   пашаште кум лийшаш огыл

   pašašte kum ĺijšaš ogyl

   you shouldn't show favoritism in work

• J. Bradley et al. (2023) “кум”, in The Mari Web Project: Mari-English Dictionary, University of Vienna

From Proto-Turkic *kum.

• IPA^(key): /qum/

кум • (kum) (Arabic spelling قۇم)

1. sand (finely ground rock)

Inherited from Proto-Slavic *kumъ.

• IPA^(key): [kum]
• Rhymes: -um

кум • (kum) m (plural кумови, feminine кума, relational adjective кумов, diminutive кумче)

1. witness (at a wedding)
2. godfather

• кума f (kuma)
• кумашин m (kumašin)
• кумство n (kumstvo)

From Proto-Turkic *kum. Cognate to Kazakh құм (qūm), Karakalpak qum, etc.

кум • (qum)

1. sand

From Proto-Turkic *kum. Cognate to Shor қум (qum), қумақ (qumaq), Khakas хум (xum), Chulym қум (qum), Western Yugur qum, Tuvan кум (kum), Tofa һум (hum), etc.

кум • (kum)

1. sand

• кубак (kubak)
• кувак (kuvak)

• N. A. Baskakov, editor (1985), “кум, кубак, кувак”, in Severnyje Dialekty Altajskovo( Ojrotskovo) Jazyka- Dialekt Lebedinskix Tatar-čalkancev(kuu-kiži) [Northern Altai language-Dialect of Chelkan], Moskva: glavnaja redakcija vostočnoj literatury, →ISBN
• N. A Baskakov, editor (1972), “кубак”, in Severnyje dialekty Altajskovo (Ojrotskovo Jazyka- Dialekt kumandincev(Kumandin Kiži) [Northern Dialect of Altai -Kumandin Dialect(Kumandin kiži)], Moskva: glavnaja redakcija vostočnoja literatury, →ISBN

• IPA^(key): [kum]

• Audio:

  (file)

Inherited from Proto-Slavic *kumъ, back-formation from *kuma (“godmother”), from Balkan Vulgar Latin *cómmater, from Latin compater (“godfather”).

кум • (kum) m anim (genitive ку́ма, nominative plural кумовья́, genitive plural кумовьёв, feminine кума́)

1. godfather of one's child
2. father of one's godchild
3. (colloquial) a friend in high places, one's benefactor
4. (criminal slang) security officer, detective
5. (obsolete) man, fellow (form of address to a middle-aged or elderly man)

• кумовство́ (kumovstvó)

• кума́ (kumá)

• → Ingrian: kooma

• крёстная мать (krjóstnaja matʹ)
• крёстная дочь (krjóstnaja dočʹ)
• крёстный оте́ц (krjóstnyj otéc)
• крёстный сын (krjóstnyj syn)

• Vasmer, Max (1964–1973) “кум”, in Oleg Trubachyov, transl., Этимологический словарь русского языка [Etymological Dictionary of the Russian Language] (in Russian), Moscow: Progress
• Vasmer, Max (1964–1973) “кума”, in Oleg Trubachyov, transl., Этимологический словарь русского языка [Etymological Dictionary of the Russian Language] (in Russian), Moscow: Progress

Borrowed from Turkic; compare to Kazakh құм (qūm), Kyrgyz кум (kum), Uzbek qum.

кум • (kum) m inan (genitive ку́ма, nominative plural ку́мы, genitive plural ку́мов)

1. (geomorphology) erg, sand sea (in Central Asia)

кум • (kum) f anim pl

1. genitive/accusative plural of кума́ (kumá)

Inherited from Proto-Slavic *kumъ, from earlier *kъmotrъ, from Latin commater, see kmotra, kmotr in Czech.

• IPA^(key): /kûːm/

ку̑м m anim (Latin spelling kȗm)

1. godfather
2. witness (at wedding)

• “кум”, in Hrvatski jezični portal [Croatian language portal] (in Serbo-Croatian), 2006–2025

Borrowed from Ottoman Turkish قوم (Turkish kum (“sand”)).

• IPA^(key): /kûm/

ку̏м m inan (Latin spelling kȕm)

1. (uncountable) sand

• “кум”, in Hrvatski jezični portal [Croatian language portal] (in Serbo-Croatian), 2006–2025

From Proto-Turkic *Kum (“sand”). Cognate with Kazakh құм (qūm), Kyrgyz кум (kum), Crimean Tatar qum, Kumyk хум (xum), Bashkir ҡом (qom), Tatar ком (qom), Azerbaijani qum, Turkish kum, Turkmen gum, Uzbek qum, Khakas хум (xum), Shor қум, Tuvan кум (kum), Western Yugur qum, etc.

кум • (kum)

1. sand

• кумак (kumak)

“кум”, in Grammatika Altajskovo Jazyka [Altaic language Grammar], Kazan: V universtiteskoj til, 1869, →ISBN

From Proto-Turkic *Kum (“sand”).

кум • (kum) (definite accusative кумну, plural кумнар)

1. sand

• IPA^(key): [kum]

From Proto-Slavic *kumъ, back-formation from *kuma (“godmother”) (whence also кума́ (kumá)), from Balkan Vulgar Latin *cómmater, from Latin compater (“godfather”).

кум • (kum) m pers (genitive ку́ма, nominative plural ку́ми, genitive plural ку́мів, female equivalent кума́, relational adjective кумі́вський or ку́мів)

1. godfather of one's child
2. father of one's godchild
3. (colloquial) man, fellow (form of address to a middle-aged or elderly man)
4. (folk poetic) used as an epithet for a wolf

• кумі́вство (kumívstvo)

• хреще́на ма́ти (xreščéna máty)
• хреще́на дочка́ (xreščéna dočká)
• хреще́ний ба́тько (xreščényj bátʹko)
• хреще́ний син (xreščényj syn)

• Melnychuk, O. S., editor (1989), “кум”, in Етимологічний словник української мови [Etymological Dictionary of the Ukrainian Language] (in Ukrainian), volume 3 (Кора – М), Kyiv: Naukova Dumka, →ISBN, page 138
• Hrinchenko, Borys, editor (1907–1909), “кум”, in Словарь украинского языка [Dictionary of the Ukrainian Language] (in Russian), Kyiv: Kievskaya starina
• Shyrokov, V. A., editor (2015), “кум”, in Словник української мови: у 20 т. [Dictionary of the Ukrainian Language: in 20 vols] (in Ukrainian), volumes 6 (зга́га – ква́рта), Kyiv: Ukrainian Lingua-Information Fund, →ISBN

Onomatopoeic

• кум-ку́м (kum-kúm)

кум • (kum)

1. sound of a frog, ribbit

• ку́мкати (kúmkaty)

• Melnychuk, O. S., editor (1989), “кум-кум”, in Етимологічний словник української мови [Etymological Dictionary of the Ukrainian Language] (in Ukrainian), volume 3 (Кора – М), Kyiv: Naukova Dumka, →ISBN, page 140
• Hrinchenko, Borys, editor (1907–1909), “кум-кум”, in Словарь украинского языка [Dictionary of the Ukrainian Language] (in Russian), Kyiv: Kievskaya starina
• Shyrokov, V. A., editor (2015), “кум2”, in Словник української мови: у 20 т. [Dictionary of the Ukrainian Language: in 20 vols] (in Ukrainian), volumes 6 (зга́га – ква́рта), Kyiv: Ukrainian Lingua-Information Fund, →ISBN

See the etymology of the corresponding lemma form.

кум • (kum) f pers pl

1. genitive/accusative plural of кума́ (kumá)