قوم

Compare قَامَ (qāma, “to rise”).

قَوَّمَ • (qawwama) II (non-past يُقَوِّمُ (yuqawwimu), verbal noun تَقْوِيم (taqwīm))

1. (transitive) to raise
2. (transitive) to evaluate
3. (transitive) to adjust

• Mace, John (2007) “قوم”, in Arabic Verbs, New York: Hippocrene Books, Inc., →ISBN

• IPA^(key): /qawm/

قَوْم • (qawm) m

1. verbal noun of قَامَ (qāma, “to get up”) (form I)
2. standing up, rising, placing upright, remaining, abiding
3. state, polity

• Steingass, Francis Joseph (1884) “قوم”, in The Student's Arabic–English Dictionary‎^[1], London: W.H. Allen

قَوْم • (qawm) m (plural أَقْوَام (ʔaqwām))

1. people, nation, tribe, folk
2. some people, someone, a certain
   • 609–632 CE, Qur'an, 28:21:

     فَخَرَجَ مِنْهَا خَائِفًا يَتَرَقَّبُ قَالَ رَبِّ نَجِّنِي مِنَ الْقَوْمِ الظَّالِمِينَ

     faḵaraja minhā ḵāʔifan yataraqqabu qāla rabbi najjinī mina l-qawmi ẓ-ẓālimīna

     (please add an English translation of this quotation)

3. (group of) men
   • 609–632 CE, Qur'an, 49:11:

     يَا أَيُّهَا الَّذِينَ آمَنُوا لَا يَسْخَرْ قَوْمٌ مِّن قَوْمٍ عَسَىٰ أَن يَكُونُوا خَيْرًا مِّنْهُمْ وَلَا نِسَاءٌ مِّن نِّسَاءٍ عَسَىٰ أَن يَكُنَّ خَيْرًا مِّنْهُنَّ

     yā ʔayyuhā llaḏīna ʔāmanū lā yasḵar qawmun min qawmin ʕasā ʔan yakūnū ḵayran minhum walā nisāʔun min nisāʔin ʕasā ʔan yakunna ḵayran minhunna

     (please add an English translation of this quotation)

4. family
5. sect

• → Chagatai: قوم (qävm)
  • Uyghur: قوۋم (qowm)
  • Uzbek: qavm
• → Kazakh: қауым (qauym)
• → Old Anatolian Turkish: قوم (qevm)
  • Azerbaijani: qövm, qohum
  • Ottoman Turkish: قوم (kavm, kavim)
    • Turkish: kavim
• → Persian: قوم
  • → Punjabi:

    Gurmukhi script: ਕੌਮ (kaum)

    Shahmukhi script: قوم (kaum)

• Steingass, Francis Joseph (1884) “قوم”, in The Student's Arabic–English Dictionary‎^[2], London: W.H. Allen

قُوَّم • (quwwam)

1. inflection of قَائِم (qāʔim):
   1. masculine plural
   2. feminine plural

قۇم

1. Arabic spelling of qum (“sand”)

Inherited from Proto-Turkic *kum.

قوم (qum) (plural قوم‌لار (qum-lar))

1. sand, rock that is ground more finely than gravel, forming beaches and deserts and also used in construction

   Synonyms: رمل (räml), ریگ (rīg)

2. the hump of a camel

• Uyghur: قۇم (qum)
• Uzbek: qum

Borrowed from Arabic قَوْم (qawm, “people, nation, tribe”).

قوم (qävm) (plural اقوام (äqvām))

1. people, nation, a historically constituted, stable community of people, formed based on a common language, territory, ethnicity and culture

   Synonyms: ایل (el), ملت (millet), اولوس (ulus), عام ('ämm), خلق (xälq)

• Uzbek: qavm
• Uyghur: قوۋم (qowm)

• Vámbery, Ármin (1867) Ćagataische sprachstudien‎^[7] (in German), Leipzig, F. A. Brockhaus, page 320

From Arabic قَوَّم (qawwam).

• IPA^(key): /ɡawwam/

قوم • (gawwam) II (non-past يِقَوِّم (yimawwit), verbal noun تَقْويم (tagwīm))

1. to awaken

   Synonym: صَحَّى (ṣaḥḥa)

2. to rise up
3. to erect

• IPA^(key): /ɡuːm/

قوم • (gūm)

1. second-person masculine singular imperative of قام (gām)

• IPA^(key): /ɡawwim/

قوم • (gawwim)

1. second-person masculine singular imperative of قَوِّم (gawwam)

From Arabic قَوَّمَ (qawwama).

• IPA^(key): /qaw.wam/

قوم • (qawwam) II (non-past يقوم (yqawwam))

1. (transitive) to evaluate

From Arabic قَوْم (qawm).

• IPA^(key): /qawm/, /quːm/

قَوْم or قُوم • (qawm or qūm) m (plural أقوام (ʔaqwām))

1. people, nation

Inherited from Proto-Turkic *kum (“sand”).

قوم • (qum) (definite accusative قومی (qumı), plural قوملر (qumlar))

1. sand, rock that is ground more finely than gravel, forming beaches and deserts and also used in construction

• Azerbaijani: qum
• Gagauz: kum
• Ottoman Turkish: قوم (kum) (see there for further descendants)
  • Turkish: kum

• Kanar, Mehmet (2018) Eski Anadolu Türkçesi Sözlüğü [Old Anatolian Turkish Dictionary] (in Turkish), 2nd edition, Istanbul: Say Yayınları, page 465

Borrowed from Arabic قَوْم (qawm, “people, nation, tribe”).

قوم • (qevm) (definite accusative قومی (qevmi), plural اقوام (eqvām))

1. people, nation, a historically constituted, stable community of people, formed based on a common language, territory, ethnicity and culture

   Synonyms: ایل (ẹl), ملت (millet)

• Azerbaijani: qövm
• Ottoman Turkish: قوم (kavm)
  • Turkish: kavim

Inherited from Old Anatolian Turkish قوم (qum, “sand”), from Proto-Turkic *kum (“sand”).

قوم • (kum) (definite accusative قومی (kumu), plural قوملر (kumlar))

1. sand, rock that is ground more finely than gravel, forming beaches and deserts and also used in construction

   Synonyms: رمل (reml), ریك (rig)

2. gravel, chisel, a type or grade of small rocks, differentiated by mineral type, size range, or other characteristics

   Synonym: چاقل (çakıl)

3. (medicine) gravel, kidney stones, nephrolith, a deposit of calculous concretions in the kidneys and the bladder

   Synonym: مثانه قومی (mesane kumu)

• Turkish: kum
• → Armenian: խում (xum), ղում (ġum)
• → Serbo-Croatian:

  Cyrillic script: ку̏м

  Latin script: kȕm

Inherited from Old Anatolian Turkish قوم (qevm), from Arabic قَوْم (qawm, “people, nation, tribe”).

قوم • (kavm or kavim) (definite accusative قومی (kavmi), plural اقوام (akvam))

1. people, nation, a historically constituted, stable community of people, formed based on a common language, territory, ethnicity and culture

   Synonyms: ایل (il, el), ملت (millet)

• Turkish: kavim

Borrowed from Armenian գոմ (gom).

قوم • (kom) (definite accusative قومی (komu), plural قوملر (komlar))

1. inn or shelter situated on the side of a road, usually built with tree branches or mud

• Turkish: (dialectal) kom

Borrowed from Arabic قَوْم (qawm).

Readings
Classical reading?	qawm
Dari reading?	qawm
Iranian reading?	ġowm
Tajik reading?	qavm

قوم • (qawm / ġowm) (plural اقوام (aqvâm), Tajik spelling қавм)

1. people, nation, tribe
   • 1048-1131, Omar Khayyám, Rubáiyát:

     قومی متفکرند اندر ره دین
     قومی به گمان فتاده در راه یقین
     می‌ترسم از آن که بانگ آید روزی
     کای بی‌خبران راه نه آن است و نه این

     qawmē mutafakkirand andar rah-i dīn
     qawmē ba gumān fitāda dar rāh-i yaqīn
     mē-tarsam az ān ki bāng āyad rōzē
     k-ay bē-xabarān rāh na ān ast u na īn

     (please add an English translation of this quotation)

     (Classical Persian Romanization)

2. ethnic group

• → Punjabi:

  Gurmukhi script: ਕੌਮ (kaum)

  Shahmukhi script: قوم (kaum)

Borrowed from Arabic قَوْم (qawm).

قَوم • (qaum) f (Gurmukhi spelling ਕੌਮ)

1. nation, people

• (people): نسل (nasal)

Borrowed from Arabic قَوْم (qawm).

• (Standard Urdu) IPA^(key): /qɔːm/

• Audio (India):

  (file)

قَوم • (qaum) f (formal plural اقوام, Hindi spelling क़ौम)

1. nation

   بابائے قَوم ― bābāe qaum ― father of the nation

2. people, community

   قَومِ لُوط ― qaum-i lūt ― people of Lot

3. race

• (people, community): سَمُدائے (samudāe), سَمْپَرْدائے (sampardāe), سَن٘گَت (saṅgat), گِروہ (giroh), سَماج (samāj), مُعاشِرَہ (mu'āśira), بَرادرِی (barādrī), اُمَّت (ummat)
• (race): نسل (nasl), جاتی (jātī)

• قَومی (qaumī, “national”)
• قَومِیَت (qaumiyat, “nationality”)
• اَقْوامِ مُتَّحِدَہ (aqvām-i muttahida, “United Nations”)
• بَینَ الَاقْوامی (bainal-aqvāmī, “international”)
• قَوم پَرَسْتی (qaum parastī, “nationalism”)

• Platts, John T. (1884) “قوم”, in A dictionary of Urdu, classical Hindi, and English, London: W. H. Allen & Co.
• “قوم”, in ریخْتَہ لُغَت (rexta luġat) - Rekhta Dictionary [Urdu dictionary with meanings in Hindi & English], Noida, India: Rekhta Foundation, 2025.
• John Shakespear (1834) “قوم”, in A dictionary, Hindustani and English: with a copious index, fitting the work to serve, also, as a dictionary of English and Hindustani, 3^rd edition, London: J.L. Cox and Son, →OCLC