خود

From Middle Persian BNPŠE, 𐭡𐭭𐭯𐭱𐭤 (xwad), from Old Persian *hvatah. Related to خدا (xodâ, “God”).

خود • (xod)

1. self, the self

خود • (xod)

1. (reflexive pronoun) self, -self

   Synonym: خویش (xiš, literary)

   • c. 1260, Rumi, The Masnavi:

     حمله بر خود می‌کنی ای ساده مرد، همچو آن شیری که بر خود حمله کرد.

     hamle bar xod mi-koni ey sâde mard, hamčo ân šir-i ke bar xod hamle kard.

     You are attacking yourself, o simple man, like that lion who attacked himself.

   • 2009, Shadmehr Aghili, “تقدیر (taqdir)”:

     تو با خودت هم دشمنی.

     to bâ xod-et ham došman-i.

     You are an enemy even with yourself.

2. (emphatic) one's own (in possessive constructions)

   Synonym: خویش (xiš, literary)

   مادر خود را نمی‌شناسی؟ (More literary)

   mâdar-e xod-râ ne-mi-šenâsi?

   مادر خودت رو نمی‌شناسی؟ (More colloquial)

   mâdar-e xod-et-o ne-mi-šnâsi?

   Don’t you recognize your own mother?

خود (xod) can occur both in isolation and before a suffixed pronominal clitic such as ـم (-am, “my”), ـت (-at, et, “your”), and ـش (-aš, -eš, “his/her”). In isolation, it serves as a general reflexive pronoun for any subject:

• خود را دیدم

  xod-râ didam

  I saw [my]self

• خود را دیدی

  xod-râ didi

  you saw [your]self

The pronominal clitics specify the pronoun:

• خودم را دیدم

  xod-am-râ didam

  I saw myself

• خودت را دیدی

  xod-at-râ didi

  you saw yourself

In colloquial Persian, the suffixed forms are almost always used.

• → Assamese: খোদ (khüd)
• → Armenian: Խոդ (Xod)
• → Bengali: খোদ (khōd)
• → Gilaki: خود (xud)
• → Gujarati: ખુદ (khud)
• → Hindustani:

  Hindi: ख़ुद (xud)

  Urdu: خود (xud)

• → Southern Kurdish: خوِد (xwid)
• → Marathi: खुद्द (khudda)
• → Pashto: خود (xud)
• → Punjabi:

  Gurmukhi script: ਖ਼ੁਦ (xud)

  Shahmukhi script: خود (xod)

From Middle Persian xwd (xōd, “helm”), borrowed from Parthian xwwd (*xōδ, “helmet”), from Old Iranian, ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *kadʰ- (“to guard, cover, care for, protect”). The Parthian word is cognate with Old Persian 𐎧𐎢𐎭𐎠 (xaudā-, “hat”), Avestan 𐬑𐬀𐬊𐬜𐬀 (xaoδa, “helmet”), Ossetian худ (xud, “hat”), English hat, hood, etc. The inherited form of the Persian is خوی (xoy). Akin to Old Armenian խոյր (xoyr), արտախոյր (artaxoyr), Georgian ხვირი (xviri), Arabic خُوذَة (ḵūḏa), Iranian borrowings.

خود • (xud) (plural خودها)

1. a helmet

   Synonym: ترگ (targ)

• کلاه‌خود (kolâh-xud)

• → Punjabi:

  Gurmukhi script: ਖੋਦ (khod)

  Shahmukhi script: خود (xod)

• Ačaṙean, Hračʻeay (1971–1979) “խոյր”, in Hayerēn armatakan baṙaran [Armenian Etymological Dictionary] (in Armenian), 2nd edition, a reprint of the original 1926–1935 seven-volume edition, Yerevan: University Press

Borrowed from Classical Persian خْوَد (xwad)/خْوُد (xwud).

• (Standard Urdu) IPA^(key): /xʊd̪/, /xwʊd̪/

• Audio:

  (file)

خود • (xud, xvud) (Hindi spelling ख़ुद)

1. reflexive pronoun: oneself, one's own

   میں یہ کام خود کروں گا۔ ― ma͠i ye kām xud karūṅgā. ― I will do this work myself.

• آپ (āp)

• خودکشی (xudkushi, “suicide”)
• خودغرض (xudġarz, “selfish”)
• خود بخود (xud ba-xud, xvud ba-xvud, “automatically”)

• Platts, John T. (1884) “خود”, in A dictionary of Urdu, classical Hindi, and English, London: W. H. Allen & Co.