ἄρχω
See also: άρχω
Ancient Greek
Etymology
Of disputed origin:
- From Proto-Indo-European *h₂r̥-sḱe-ti (“to start, rule”), which appears to be an inchoative formation from *h₂er- (“to fit, put together”), thus “to begin to fit together” > “to start, rule”. Compare Old Armenian արքայ (arkʻay, “king”), which Matzinger considered inherited from Indo-European,[1] but which is generally thought to be ultimately a borrowing from Greek.
- Alternatively from a root *h₂ergʰ- (“to begin, rule, command”), perhaps cognate with Lithuanian regė́ti (“to watch, see”). (Can this(+) etymology be sourced?)
Pronunciation
- (5th BCE Attic) IPA(key): /ár.kʰɔː/
- (1st CE Egyptian) IPA(key): /ˈar.kʰo/
- (4th CE Koine) IPA(key): /ˈar.xo/
- (10th CE Byzantine) IPA(key): /ˈar.xo/
- (15th CE Constantinopolitan) IPA(key): /ˈar.xo/
Verb
ἄρχω • (árkhō)
- (transitive) to begin [with genitive ‘something, from something, with something’]
- (transitive) to lead, rule, govern, command [with genitive or dative ‘someone’]
- (intransitive) to be ruler; to hold an archonship
Usage notes
- The Epic infinitive ἀρχέμεναι (arkhémenai) is attested.
- The Doric future middle form ἀρξεῦμαί (arxeûmaí) is attested. Bailly suggests a Doric imperfect middle form ἀρχόμαν (arkhóman), citing the imperfect form ἄρχετο (árkheto) in Pindar. Liddell and Scott suggest a Doric imperfect form ἆρχον (ârkhon), citing the form ἆρχε (ârkhe), also found in Pindar. Bailly further suggests the Doric aorist ἀρξάμην (arxámēn), noting the form ἄρξατο (árxato), which appears in Theocritus.
- Bailly suggests an Ionic middle imperfect form ἀρχόμην (arkhómēn), noting the form ἄρχετο (árkheto) in Herodotus. Herodotus also uses the form ἤρχετο (ḗrkheto). Bailly suggests an Ionic perfect participle ἀργμένος (argménos), noting the form ἀργμένης (argménēs), which appears in Herodotus.
Inflection
Present: ᾰ̓́ρχω, ᾰ̓́ρχομαι
| number | singular | dual | plural | ||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| first | second | third | second | third | first | second | third | ||||||
| active | indicative | ᾰ̓́ρχω | ᾰ̓́ρχεις | ᾰ̓́ρχει | ᾰ̓́ρχετον | ᾰ̓́ρχετον | ᾰ̓́ρχομεν | ᾰ̓́ρχετε | ᾰ̓́ρχουσῐ(ν) | ||||
| subjunctive | ᾰ̓́ρχω | ᾰ̓́ρχῃς | ᾰ̓́ρχῃ | ᾰ̓́ρχητον | ᾰ̓́ρχητον | ᾰ̓́ρχωμεν | ᾰ̓́ρχητε | ᾰ̓́ρχωσῐ(ν) | |||||
| optative | ᾰ̓́ρχοιμῐ | ᾰ̓́ρχοις | ᾰ̓́ρχοι | ᾰ̓́ρχοιτον | ᾰ̓ρχοίτην | ᾰ̓́ρχοιμεν | ᾰ̓́ρχοιτε | ᾰ̓́ρχοιεν | |||||
| imperative | ᾰ̓́ρχε | ᾰ̓ρχέτω | ᾰ̓́ρχετον | ᾰ̓ρχέτων | ᾰ̓́ρχετε | ᾰ̓ρχόντων | |||||||
| middle/ passive |
indicative | ᾰ̓́ρχομαι | ᾰ̓́ρχῃ / ᾰ̓́ρχει | ᾰ̓́ρχεται | ᾰ̓́ρχεσθον | ᾰ̓́ρχεσθον | ᾰ̓ρχόμεθᾰ | ᾰ̓́ρχεσθε | ᾰ̓́ρχονται | ||||
| subjunctive | ᾰ̓́ρχωμαι | ᾰ̓́ρχῃ | ᾰ̓́ρχηται | ᾰ̓́ρχησθον | ᾰ̓́ρχησθον | ᾰ̓ρχώμεθᾰ | ᾰ̓́ρχησθε | ᾰ̓́ρχωνται | |||||
| optative | ᾰ̓ρχοίμην | ᾰ̓́ρχοιο | ᾰ̓́ρχοιτο | ᾰ̓́ρχοισθον | ᾰ̓ρχοίσθην | ᾰ̓ρχοίμεθᾰ | ᾰ̓́ρχοισθε | ᾰ̓́ρχοιντο | |||||
| imperative | ᾰ̓́ρχου | ᾰ̓ρχέσθω | ᾰ̓́ρχεσθον | ᾰ̓ρχέσθων | ᾰ̓́ρχεσθε | ᾰ̓ρχέσθων | |||||||
| active | middle/passive | ||||||||||||
| infinitive | ᾰ̓́ρχειν | ᾰ̓́ρχεσθαι | |||||||||||
| participle | m | ᾰ̓́ρχων | ᾰ̓ρχόμενος | ||||||||||
| f | ᾰ̓́ρχουσᾰ | ᾰ̓ρχομένη | |||||||||||
| n | ᾰ̓́ρχον | ᾰ̓ρχόμενον | |||||||||||
| Notes: | This table gives Attic inflectional endings. For conjugation in dialects other than Attic, see Appendix:Ancient Greek dialectal conjugation.
| ||||||||||||
Imperfect: ἦρχον, ἠρχόμην
| number | singular | dual | plural | ||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| first | second | third | second | third | first | second | third | ||||||
| active | indicative | ἦρχον | ἦρχες | ἦρχε(ν) | ἤρχετον | ἠρχέτην | ἤρχομεν | ἤρχετε | ἦρχον | ||||
| middle/ passive |
indicative | ἠρχόμην | ἤρχου | ἤρχετο | ἤρχεσθον | ἠρχέσθην | ἠρχόμεθᾰ | ἤρχεσθε | ἤρχοντο | ||||
| Notes: | This table gives Attic inflectional endings. For conjugation in dialects other than Attic, see Appendix:Ancient Greek dialectal conjugation.
| ||||||||||||
| number | singular | dual | plural | ||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| first | second | third | second | third | first | second | third | ||||||
| active | indicative | ᾰ̓́ρχον | ᾰ̓́ρχες | ᾰ̓́ρχε(ν) | ᾰ̓́ρχετον | ᾰ̓ρχέτην | ᾰ̓́ρχομεν | ᾰ̓́ρχετε | ᾰ̓́ρχον | ||||
| middle/ passive |
indicative | ᾰ̓ρχόμην | ᾰ̓́ρχου | ᾰ̓́ρχετο | ᾰ̓́ρχεσθον | ᾰ̓ρχέσθην | ᾰ̓ρχόμε(σ)θᾰ | ᾰ̓́ρχεσθε | ᾰ̓́ρχοντο | ||||
| Notes: | Dialects other than Attic are not well attested. Some forms are based on conjecture. Use with caution. For more details, see Appendix:Ancient Greek dialectal conjugation.
| ||||||||||||
Future: ᾰ̓́ρξω, ᾰ̓́ρξομαι, ᾰ̓ρχθήσομαι
| number | singular | dual | plural | ||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| first | second | third | second | third | first | second | third | ||||||
| active | indicative | ᾰ̓́ρξω | ᾰ̓́ρξεις | ᾰ̓́ρξει | ᾰ̓́ρξετον | ᾰ̓́ρξετον | ᾰ̓́ρξομεν | ᾰ̓́ρξετε | ᾰ̓́ρξουσῐ(ν) | ||||
| optative | ᾰ̓́ρξοιμῐ | ᾰ̓́ρξοις | ᾰ̓́ρξοι | ᾰ̓́ρξοιτον | ᾰ̓ρξοίτην | ᾰ̓́ρξοιμεν | ᾰ̓́ρξοιτε | ᾰ̓́ρξοιεν | |||||
| middle | indicative | ᾰ̓́ρξομαι | ᾰ̓́ρξῃ / ᾰ̓́ρξει | ᾰ̓́ρξεται | ᾰ̓́ρξεσθον | ᾰ̓́ρξεσθον | ᾰ̓ρξόμεθᾰ | ᾰ̓́ρξεσθε | ᾰ̓́ρξονται | ||||
| optative | ᾰ̓ρξοίμην | ᾰ̓́ρξοιο | ᾰ̓́ρξοιτο | ᾰ̓́ρξοισθον | ᾰ̓ρξοίσθην | ᾰ̓ρξοίμεθᾰ | ᾰ̓́ρξοισθε | ᾰ̓́ρξοιντο | |||||
| passive | indicative | ᾰ̓ρχθήσομαι | ᾰ̓ρχθήσῃ | ᾰ̓ρχθήσεται | ᾰ̓ρχθήσεσθον | ᾰ̓ρχθήσεσθον | ᾰ̓ρχθησόμεθᾰ | ᾰ̓ρχθήσεσθε | ᾰ̓ρχθήσονται | ||||
| optative | ᾰ̓ρχθησοίμην | ᾰ̓ρχθήσοιο | ᾰ̓ρχθήσοιτο | ᾰ̓ρχθήσοισθον | ᾰ̓ρχθησοίσθην | ᾰ̓ρχθησοίμεθᾰ | ᾰ̓ρχθήσοισθε | ᾰ̓ρχθήσοιντο | |||||
| active | middle | passive | |||||||||||
| infinitive | ᾰ̓́ρξειν | ᾰ̓́ρξεσθαι | ᾰ̓ρχθήσεσθαι | ||||||||||
| participle | m | ᾰ̓́ρξων | ᾰ̓ρξόμενος | ᾰ̓ρχθησόμενος | |||||||||
| f | ᾰ̓́ρξουσᾰ | ᾰ̓ρξομένη | ᾰ̓ρχθησομένη | ||||||||||
| n | ᾰ̓́ρξον | ᾰ̓ρξόμενον | ᾰ̓ρχθησόμενον | ||||||||||
| Notes: | This table gives Attic inflectional endings. For conjugation in dialects other than Attic, see Appendix:Ancient Greek dialectal conjugation.
| ||||||||||||
Aorist: ἦρξᾰ, ἠρξᾰ́μην, ἤρχθην
| number | singular | dual | plural | ||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| first | second | third | second | third | first | second | third | ||||||
| active | indicative | ἦρξᾰ | ἦρξᾰς | ἦρξε(ν) | ἤρξᾰτον | ἠρξᾰ́την | ἤρξᾰμεν | ἤρξᾰτε | ἦρξᾰν | ||||
| subjunctive | ᾰ̓́ρξω | ᾰ̓́ρξῃς | ᾰ̓́ρξῃ | ᾰ̓́ρξητον | ᾰ̓́ρξητον | ᾰ̓́ρξωμεν | ᾰ̓́ρξητε | ᾰ̓́ρξωσῐ(ν) | |||||
| optative | ᾰ̓́ρξαιμῐ | ᾰ̓́ρξειᾰς / ᾰ̓́ρξαις | ᾰ̓́ρξειε(ν) / ᾰ̓́ρξαι | ᾰ̓́ρξαιτον | ᾰ̓ρξαίτην | ᾰ̓́ρξαιμεν | ᾰ̓́ρξαιτε | ᾰ̓́ρξειᾰν / ᾰ̓́ρξαιεν | |||||
| imperative | ᾰ̓́ρξον | ᾰ̓ρξᾰ́τω | ᾰ̓́ρξᾰτον | ᾰ̓ρξᾰ́των | ᾰ̓́ρξᾰτε | ᾰ̓ρξᾰ́ντων | |||||||
| middle | indicative | ἠρξᾰ́μην | ἤρξω | ἤρξᾰτο | ἤρξᾰσθον | ἠρξᾰ́σθην | ἠρξᾰ́μεθᾰ | ἤρξᾰσθε | ἤρξᾰντο | ||||
| subjunctive | ᾰ̓́ρξωμαι | ᾰ̓́ρξῃ | ᾰ̓́ρξηται | ᾰ̓́ρξησθον | ᾰ̓́ρξησθον | ᾰ̓ρξώμεθᾰ | ᾰ̓́ρξησθε | ᾰ̓́ρξωνται | |||||
| optative | ᾰ̓ρξαίμην | ᾰ̓́ρξαιο | ᾰ̓́ρξαιτο | ᾰ̓́ρξαισθον | ᾰ̓ρξαίσθην | ᾰ̓ρξαίμεθᾰ | ᾰ̓́ρξαισθε | ᾰ̓́ρξαιντο | |||||
| imperative | ᾰ̓́ρξαι | ᾰ̓ρξᾰ́σθω | ᾰ̓́ρξᾰσθον | ᾰ̓ρξᾰ́σθων | ᾰ̓́ρξᾰσθε | ᾰ̓ρξᾰ́σθων | |||||||
| passive | indicative | ἤρχθην | ἤρχθης | ἤρχθη | ἤρχθητον | ἠρχθήτην | ἤρχθημεν | ἤρχθητε | ἤρχθησᾰν | ||||
| subjunctive | ᾰ̓ρχθῶ | ᾰ̓ρχθῇς | ᾰ̓ρχθῇ | ᾰ̓ρχθῆτον | ᾰ̓ρχθῆτον | ᾰ̓ρχθῶμεν | ᾰ̓ρχθῆτε | ᾰ̓ρχθῶσῐ(ν) | |||||
| optative | ᾰ̓ρχθείην | ᾰ̓ρχθείης | ᾰ̓ρχθείη | ᾰ̓ρχθεῖτον / ᾰ̓ρχθείητον | ᾰ̓ρχθείτην / ᾰ̓ρχθειήτην | ᾰ̓ρχθεῖμεν / ᾰ̓ρχθείημεν | ᾰ̓ρχθεῖτε / ᾰ̓ρχθείητε | ᾰ̓ρχθεῖεν / ᾰ̓ρχθείησᾰν | |||||
| imperative | ᾰ̓́ρχθητῐ | ᾰ̓ρχθήτω | ᾰ̓́ρχθητον | ᾰ̓ρχθήτων | ᾰ̓́ρχθητε | ᾰ̓ρχθέντων | |||||||
| active | middle | passive | |||||||||||
| infinitive | ᾰ̓́ρξαι | ᾰ̓́ρξᾰσθαι | ᾰ̓ρχθῆναι | ||||||||||
| participle | m | ᾰ̓́ρξᾱς | ᾰ̓ρξᾰ́μενος | ᾰ̓ρχθείς | |||||||||
| f | ᾰ̓́ρξᾱσᾰ | ᾰ̓ρξᾰμένη | ᾰ̓ρχθεῖσᾰ | ||||||||||
| n | ᾰ̓́ρξᾰν | ᾰ̓ρξᾰ́μενον | ᾰ̓ρχθέν | ||||||||||
| Notes: | This table gives Attic inflectional endings. For conjugation in dialects other than Attic, see Appendix:Ancient Greek dialectal conjugation.
| ||||||||||||
| number | singular | dual | plural | ||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| first | second | third | second | third | first | second | third | ||||||
| active | indicative | ᾰ̓́ρξᾰ | ᾰ̓́ρξᾰς | ᾰ̓́ρξε(ν) | ᾰ̓́ρξᾰτον | ᾰ̓ρξᾰ́την | ᾰ̓́ρξᾰμεν | ᾰ̓́ρξᾰτε | ᾰ̓́ρξᾰν | ||||
| subjunctive | ᾰ̓́ρξω, ᾰ̓́ρξωμῐ |
ᾰ̓́ρξῃς, ᾰ̓́ρξῃσθᾰ |
ᾰ̓́ρξῃ, ᾰ̓́ρξῃσῐ |
ᾰ̓́ρξητον | ᾰ̓́ρξητον | ᾰ̓́ρξωμεν | ᾰ̓́ρξητε | ᾰ̓́ρξωσῐ(ν) | |||||
| optative | ᾰ̓́ρξαιμῐ | ᾰ̓́ρξαις, ᾰ̓́ρξαισθᾰ, ᾰ̓́ρξειᾰς |
ᾰ̓́ρξειε(ν) / ᾰ̓́ρξαι | ᾰ̓ρξεῖτον | ᾰ̓ρξείτην | ᾰ̓ρξεῖμεν | ᾰ̓ρξεῖτε | ᾰ̓ρξεῖεν | |||||
| imperative | ᾰ̓́ρξον | ᾰ̓ρξᾰ́τω | ᾰ̓́ρξᾰτον | ᾰ̓ρξᾰ́των | ᾰ̓́ρξᾰτε | ᾰ̓ρξᾰ́ντων | |||||||
| middle | indicative | ᾰ̓ρξᾰ́μην | ᾰ̓́ρξᾰο | ᾰ̓́ρξᾰτο | ᾰ̓́ρξᾰσθον | ᾰ̓ρξᾰ́σθην | ᾰ̓ρξᾰ́με(σ)θᾰ | ᾰ̓́ρξᾰσθε | ᾰ̓́ρξᾰντο | ||||
| subjunctive | ᾰ̓́ρξωμαι | ᾰ̓́ρξηαι | ᾰ̓́ρξηται | ᾰ̓́ρξησθον | ᾰ̓́ρξησθον | ᾰ̓ρξώμε(σ)θᾰ | ᾰ̓́ρξησθε | ᾰ̓́ρξωνται | |||||
| optative | ᾰ̓ρξαίμην | ᾰ̓́ρξαιο | ᾰ̓́ρξαιτο | ᾰ̓́ρξαισθον | ᾰ̓ρξαίσθην | ᾰ̓ρξαίμε(σ)θᾰ | ᾰ̓́ρξαισθε | ᾰ̓ρξαίᾰτο | |||||
| imperative | ᾰ̓́ρξαι | ᾰ̓ρξᾰ́σθω | ᾰ̓́ρξᾰσθον | ᾰ̓ρξᾰ́σθων | ᾰ̓́ρξᾰσθε | ᾰ̓ρξᾰ́σθων | |||||||
| passive | indicative | ᾰ̓́ρχθην | ᾰ̓́ρχθης | ᾰ̓́ρχθη | ᾰ̓́ρχθητον | ᾰ̓ρχθήτην | ᾰ̓́ρχθημεν | ᾰ̓́ρχθητε | ᾰ̓́ρχθησᾰν, ᾰ̓́ρχθεν | ||||
| subjunctive | ᾰ̓ρχθῶ | ᾰ̓ρχθῇς | ᾰ̓ρχθῇ | ᾰ̓ρχθῆτον | ᾰ̓ρχθῆτον | ᾰ̓ρχθῶμεν | ᾰ̓ρχθῆτε | ᾰ̓ρχθῶσῐ(ν) | |||||
| optative | ᾰ̓ρχθείην | ᾰ̓ρχθείης | ᾰ̓ρχθείη | ᾰ̓ρχθεῖτον / ᾰ̓ρχθείητον | ᾰ̓ρχθείτην / ᾰ̓ρχθειήτην | ᾰ̓ρχθεῖμεν / ᾰ̓ρχθείημεν | ᾰ̓ρχθεῖτε / ᾰ̓ρχθείητε | ᾰ̓́ρχθειεν / ᾰ̓ρχθείησᾰν | |||||
| imperative | ᾰ̓́ρχθητῐ | ᾰ̓ρχθήτω | ᾰ̓́ρχθητον | ᾰ̓ρχθήτων | ᾰ̓́ρχθητε | ᾰ̓ρχθέντων | |||||||
| active | middle | passive | |||||||||||
| infinitive | ᾰ̓́ρξαι / ᾰ̓ρξᾰ́μεν / ᾰ̓ρξᾰμέναι | ᾰ̓́ρξᾰσθαι | ᾰ̓ρχθῆναι / ᾰ̓ρχθήμεναι | ||||||||||
| participle | m | ᾰ̓́ρξᾱς | ᾰ̓ρξᾰ́μενος | ᾰ̓ρχθείς | |||||||||
| f | ᾰ̓́ρξᾱσᾰ | ᾰ̓ρξᾰμένη | ᾰ̓ρχθεῖσᾰ | ||||||||||
| n | ᾰ̓́ρξᾰν | ᾰ̓ρξᾰ́μενον | ᾰ̓ρχθέν | ||||||||||
| Notes: | Dialects other than Attic are not well attested. Some forms are based on conjecture. Use with caution. For more details, see Appendix:Ancient Greek dialectal conjugation.
| ||||||||||||
Perfect: ἦρχᾰ, ἦργμαι
| number | singular | dual | plural | ||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| first | second | third | second | third | first | second | third | ||||||
| active | indicative | ἦρχᾰ | ἦρχᾰς | ἦρχε(ν) | ἤρχᾰτον | ἤρχᾰτον | ἤρχᾰμεν | ἤρχᾰτε | ἤρχᾱσῐ(ν) | ||||
| subjunctive | ἤρχω | ἤρχῃς | ἤρχῃ | ἤρχητον | ἤρχητον | ἤρχωμεν | ἤρχητε | ἤρχωσῐ(ν) | |||||
| optative | ἤρχοιμῐ / ἠρχοίην | ἤρχοις / ἠρχοίης | ἤρχοι / ἠρχοίη | ἤρχοιτον | ἠρχοίτην | ἤρχοιμεν | ἤρχοιτε | ἤρχοιεν | |||||
| imperative | ἦρχε | ἠρχέτω | ἤρχετον | ἠρχέτων | ἤρχετε | ἠρχόντων | |||||||
| middle/ passive |
indicative | ἦργμαι | ἦρξαι | ἦρκται | ἦρχθον | ἦρχθον | ἤργμεθᾰ | ἦρχθε | ἤρχᾰται | ||||
| subjunctive | ἠργμένος ὦ | ἠργμένος ᾖς | ἠργμένος ᾖ | ἠργμένω ἦτον | ἠργμένω ἦτον | ἠργμένοι ὦμεν | ἠργμένοι ἦτε | ἠργμένοι ὦσῐ(ν) | |||||
| optative | ἠργμένος εἴην | ἠργμένος εἴης | ἠργμένος εἴη | ἠργμένω εἴητον / εἶτον | ἠργμένω εἰήτην / εἴτην | ἠργμένοι εἴημεν / εἶμεν | ἠργμένοι εἴητε / εἶτε | ἠργμένοι εἴησᾰν / εἶεν | |||||
| imperative | ἦρξο | ἤρχθω | ἦρχθον | ἤρχθων | ἦρχθε | ἤρχθων | |||||||
| active | middle/passive | ||||||||||||
| infinitive | ἠρχέναι | ἦρχθαι | |||||||||||
| participle | m | ἠρχώς | ἠργμένος | ||||||||||
| f | ἠρχυῖᾰ | ἠργμένη | |||||||||||
| n | ἠρχός | ἠργμένον | |||||||||||
| Notes: | This table gives Attic inflectional endings. For conjugation in dialects other than Attic, see Appendix:Ancient Greek dialectal conjugation.
| ||||||||||||
Derived terms
- Ἀγάθαρχος (Agátharkhos)
- Ἀλέξαρχος (Aléxarkhos)
- ἀπάρχομαι (apárkhomai)
- ἀπάρχω (apárkhō)
- Ἀρίσταρχος (Arístarkhos)
- Ἀρχάγαθος (Arkhágathos)
- Ἀρχέδημος (Arkhédēmos)
- Ᾰ̓ρχέδῐκος (Ărkhédĭkos)
- Ἀρχέλᾱος (Arkhélāos)
- Ᾰ̓ρχέστρᾰτος (Ărkhéstrătos)
- Ἀρχίᾱς (Arkhíās)
- Αρχιγένης (Arkhigénēs)
- Ἀρχίλοχος (Arkhílokhos)
- Ἀρχιμήδης (Arkhimḗdēs)
- διάρχω (diárkhō)
- Δικαίαρχος (Dikaíarkhos)
- ἐνάρχομαι (enárkhomai)
- ἐξάρχω (exárkhō)
- ἐπάρχω (epárkhō)
- Ἵππαρχος (Hípparkhos)
- κατάρχω (katárkhō)
- Κλέαρχος (Kléarkhos)
- Κλείταρχος (Kleítarkhos)
- Πλούταρχος (Ploútarkhos)
- προάρχω (proárkhō)
- προσάρχομαι (prosárkhomai)
- συνάρχω (sunárkhō)
- Τίμαρχος (Tímarkhos)
- ὑπάρχω (hupárkhō)
- χῐμᾰ́ρᾰρχος (khĭmắrărkhos)
Related terms
Descendants
- → Greek: άρχω (árcho) (learned)
References
- ^ Beekes, Robert S. P. (2010) “ἄρχω”, in Etymological Dictionary of Greek (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 10), with the assistance of Lucien van Beek, Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, pages 145-6
Further reading
- “ἄρχω”, in Liddell & Scott (1940) A Greek–English Lexicon, Oxford: Clarendon Press
- “ἄρχω”, in Liddell & Scott (1889) An Intermediate Greek–English Lexicon, New York: Harper & Brothers
- “ἄρχω”, in Autenrieth, Georg (1891) A Homeric Dictionary for Schools and Colleges, New York: Harper and Brothers
- ἄρχω in Bailly, Anatole (1935) Le Grand Bailly: Dictionnaire grec-français, Paris: Hachette
- Bauer, Walter et al. (2001) A Greek–English Lexicon of the New Testament and Other Early Christian Literature, Third edition, Chicago: University of Chicago Press
- ἄρχω in Cunliffe, Richard J. (1924) A Lexicon of the Homeric Dialect: Expanded Edition, Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, published 1963
- ἄρχω in the Diccionario Griego–Español en línea (2006–2025)
- “ἄρχω”, in Slater, William J. (1969) Lexicon to Pindar, Berlin: Walter de Gruyter
- G757 in Strong, James (1979) Strong’s Exhaustive Concordance to the Bible