假令

Chinese

		vacation; fake; false vacation; fake; false; artificial; to borrow; if; suppose	make or cause to be; order; command make or cause to be; order; command; decree; honourable
trad. (假令)		假	令
simp. ^#(假令)		假	令

Pronunciation

Mandarin
(Pinyin): jiǎlìng

(Zhuyin): ㄐㄧㄚˇ ㄌㄧㄥˋ
Cantonese (Jyutping): gaa² ling⁶

Mandarin
- (Standard Chinese)⁺
  - Hanyu Pinyin: jiǎlìng
  - Zhuyin: ㄐㄧㄚˇ ㄌㄧㄥˋ
  - Tongyong Pinyin: jiǎlìng
  - Wade–Giles: chia³-ling⁴
  - Yale: jyǎ-lìng
  - Gwoyeu Romatzyh: jealinq
  - Palladius: цзялин (czjalin)
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /t͡ɕi̯ä²¹⁴⁻²¹ liŋ⁵¹/
Cantonese
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)⁺
  - Jyutping: gaa² ling⁶
  - Yale: gá lihng
  - Cantonese Pinyin: gaa² ling⁶
  - Guangdong Romanization: ga² ling⁶
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /kaː³⁵ lɪŋ²²/

Middle Chinese: kaeX ljeng|ljengH|lengH

Rime
Character	假	令	令	令
Reading #	1/2	2/5	4/5	5/5
Initial (聲)	見 (28)	來 (37)	來 (37)	來 (37)
Final (韻)	麻 (98)	清 (121)	清 (121)	青 (125)
Tone (調)	Rising (X)	Level (Ø)	Departing (H)	Departing (H)
Openness (開合)	Open	Open	Open	Open
Division (等)	II	III	III	IV
Fanqie	古疋切	呂貞切	力政切	郎定切
Baxter	kaeX	ljeng	ljengH	lengH
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang Shangfang	/kˠa^X/	/liᴇŋ/	/liᴇŋ^H/	/leŋ^H/
Pan Wuyun	/kᵚa^X/	/liɛŋ/	/liɛŋ^H/	/leŋ^H/
Shao Rongfen	/ka^X/	/liæŋ/	/liæŋ^H/	/lɛŋ^H/
Edwin Pulleyblank	/kaɨ^X/	/liajŋ/	/liajŋ^H/	/lɛjŋ^H/
Li Rong	/ka^X/	/liɛŋ/	/liɛŋ^H/	/leŋ^H/
Wang Li	/ka^X/	/lĭɛŋ/	/lĭɛŋ^H/	/lieŋ^H/
Bernhard Karlgren	/ka^X/	/li̯ɛŋ/	/li̯ɛŋ^H/	/lieŋ^H/
Expected Mandarin Reflex	jiǎ	líng	lìng	lìng
Expected Cantonese Reflex	gaa²	ling⁴	ling⁶	ling⁶

Old Chinese
(Baxter–Sagart): /*Cə.kˤraʔ riŋ|riŋ-s/

(Zhengzhang): /*kraːʔ reŋ|reŋs|reːŋs/

Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character	假	令	令
Reading #	1/2	2/3	3/3
Modern Beijing (Pinyin)	jiǎ	líng	lìng
Middle Chinese	‹ kæ^X ›	‹ ljeng ›	‹ ljeng^H ›
Old Chinese	/*Cə.kˁraʔ/	/*riŋ/	/*riŋ-s/
English	borrow; false	send (a person)	issue a command
Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. [t] as coda may in fact be -t or -p; Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary.

Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character	假	令	令	令
Reading #	1/2	2/5	3/5	5/5
No.	5955	8277	8284	8332
Phonetic component	叚	令	令	令
Rime group	魚	耕	耕	耕
Rime subdivision	0	0	0	0
Corresponding MC rime	檟	跉	令	零
Old Chinese	/*kraːʔ/	/*reŋ/	/*reŋs/	/*reːŋs/

Conjunction

假令

(literary) if; in case

Synonyms

Dialectal synonyms of 如果 (“if”) [map]

Variety	Location	Words edit
Classical Chinese		若, 假, 如, 使, 令, 苟, 向, 向使, 向令, 假令, 假使, 誠, 誠使, 倘, 儻, 當使
Formal (Written Standard Chinese)		若, 如, 如果, 若果, 果若, 假如, 假若, 假使, 假設, 倘若, 倘或, 倘然, 倘使, 若是, 若然, 設若, 設使, 設令, 設或, 設
Northeastern Mandarin	Beijing	要是, 要
	Taiwan	要是, 要, 如果
	Malaysia	如果
	Singapore	如果
Jilu Mandarin	Jinan	要是
Central Plains Mandarin	Xi'an	要是
Southwestern Mandarin	Chengdu	要是, 假比
Southwestern Mandarin	Wuhan	要是
Jianghuai Mandarin	Yangzhou	要是, 要, 假使
Jianghuai Mandarin	Hefei	要是, 倘此, 倘倘
Cantonese	Guangzhou	如果, 若果, 若然, 假使間
	Hong Kong	如果, 若果, 若然, 若然之, 假使, 假使間, 假如
	Macau	假如
	Taishan	如果, 若果, 假使
	Kaiping (Chikan)	若果
	Yangjiang	設若
	Kuala Lumpur (Guangfu)	如果
	Singapore (Guangfu)	如果
Gan	Nanchang	要是, 若是
Gan	Lichuan	假使
Hakka	Meixian	係話, 若係, 如果
	Huizhou (Huicheng; Bendihua)	若果, 係講, 係話
	Miaoli (N. Sixian)	係講, 若係, 假使
	Pingtung (Neipu; S. Sixian)	係講, 係準, 係準講, 準講, 準假, 係若, 若係, 假使, 假詐
	Hsinchu County (Zhudong; Hailu)	係講, 若係, 假使
	Taichung (Dongshi; Dabu)	準講, 可比, 假使, 係講, 若係, 若係講, 準若講
	Hsinchu County (Qionglin; Raoping)	係講, 若係, 假使
	Yunlin (Lunbei; Zhao'an)	若係講, 假使, 若講, 係講, 若係
	Kuching (Hepo)	假使
Jin	Taiyuan	要是
Northern Min	Jian'ou	來是, 如果
Northern Min	Pucheng (Shibei)	來是, 如果
Eastern Min	Fuzhou	儷是, 若還
Southern Min	Xiamen	設使, 若是, 若, 若欲是, 假若, 假若是, 欲, 欲是, 甲若, 甲若是
	Quanzhou	設使, 若是, 若, 若欲是, 假若, 假若是, 欲, 欲是
	Zhangzhou	設使, 若是, 若, 假若, 假若是, 欲, 欲是, 甲若, 甲若是
	Tainan	若是, 若準, 若, 假使, 設使
	Penang (Hokkien)	若是, 若準
	Singapore (Hokkien)	若是
	Manila (Hokkien)	若是, 若, 假使
	Chaozhou	若是
	Shantou	如果
	Jieyang	若, 若是
	Singapore (Teochew)	若是
	Wenchang	但見, 欲
	Haikou	麼是, 設如, 設使
Wu	Shanghai	要是, 如果, 假使, 倘然, 倘使, 是得
	Suzhou	要, 如果
	Wenzhou	若是, 若
Xiang	Changsha	要是
Xiang	Shuangfeng	要是, 要此

Japanese

For pronunciation and definitions of 假令 – see the following entry.

【たとえ】

[adverb] even if

Alternative spellings
仮令, 縦, 縦え

(This term, 假令, is the kyūjitai of an alternative spelling (仮令) of the above term.)