匈奴

Chinese

		Hungary; thorax; chest	slave
trad. (匈奴)		匈	奴
simp. ^#(匈奴)		匈	奴

Etymology

Schuessler (2014) reconstructs its 318 BCE pronunciation as *hoŋ-nâ and later *hɨoŋ-nɑ, which he suggests to be a Han or pre-Han transcription of foreign *Hŏna or *Hŭna, which may be connected to Sanskrit हूण (hūṇa), Huns, Latin Hunni, Ancient Greek Οὗννοι (Hoûnnoi) (ibid.; Pulleyblank, 2000).

Pronunciation

Mandarin
(Pinyin): Xiōngnú

(Zhuyin): ㄒㄩㄥㄋㄨˊ
Cantonese (Jyutping): hung¹ nou⁴
Hakka
(Sixian, PFS): Hiûng-nù

(Hailu, HRS): hiung^ˋ nu
Puxian Min (Pouseng Ping'ing): hoeng¹ nou² / hyoeng¹ nou²
Southern Min
(Hokkien, POJ): Hiong-lô͘

(Teochew, Peng'im): hiong¹ nou¹

Mandarin
- (Standard Chinese)⁺
  - Hanyu Pinyin: Xiōngnú
  - Zhuyin: ㄒㄩㄥㄋㄨˊ
  - Tongyong Pinyin: Syongnú
  - Wade–Giles: Hsiung¹-nu²
  - Yale: Syūng-nú
  - Gwoyeu Romatzyh: Shiongnu
  - Palladius: Сюнну (Sjunnu)
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /ɕi̯ʊŋ⁵⁵ nu³⁵/
Cantonese
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)⁺
  - Jyutping: hung¹ nou⁴
  - Yale: hūng nòuh
  - Cantonese Pinyin: hung¹ nou⁴
  - Guangdong Romanization: hung¹ nou⁴
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /hʊŋ⁵⁵ nou̯²¹/
Hakka
- (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Neipu)
  - Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: Hiûng-nù
  - Hakka Romanization System: hiung^ˊ nu^ˇ
  - Hagfa Pinyim: hiung¹ nu²
  - Sinological IPA: /hi̯uŋ²⁴ nu¹¹/
- (Hailu, incl. Zhudong)
  - Hakka Romanization System: hiung^ˋ nu
  - Sinological IPA: /hiuŋ⁵³ nu⁵⁵/
Puxian Min
- (Putian)
  - Pouseng Ping'ing: hoeng¹ nou² [Phonetic: hoeng⁵ nou²]
  - Báⁿ-uā-ci̍: He̤ng-nó
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /hœŋ⁵³³⁻¹¹ nɔu¹³/
- (Xianyou)
  - Pouseng Ping'ing: hyoeng¹ nou² [Phonetic: hyoeng⁵ nou²]
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /hyøŋ⁵⁴⁴⁻²¹ nɔu²⁴/
Southern Min
- (Hokkien)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: Hiong-lô͘
  - Tâi-lô: Hiong-lôo
  - Phofsit Daibuun: hiongloo
  - IPA (Xiamen): /hiɔŋ⁴⁴⁻²² lɔ²⁴/
  - IPA (Quanzhou): /hiɔŋ³³ lɔ²⁴/
  - IPA (Zhangzhou): /hiɔŋ⁴⁴⁻²² lɔ¹³/
  - IPA (Taipei): /hiɔŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ lɔ²⁴/
  - IPA (Kaohsiung): /hiɔŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ lɔ²³/
- (Teochew)
  - Peng'im: hiong¹ nou¹
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: hiong nou
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /hioŋ³³⁻²³ nou³³/

Middle Chinese: xjowng nu

Rime
Character	匈	奴
Reading #	1/1	1/1
Initial (聲)	曉 (32)	泥 (8)
Final (韻)	鍾 (7)	模 (23)
Tone (調)	Level (Ø)	Level (Ø)
Openness (開合)	Open	Open
Division (等)	III	I
Fanqie	許容切	乃都切
Baxter	xjowng	nu
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang Shangfang	/hɨoŋ/	/nuo/
Pan Wuyun	/hioŋ/	/nuo/
Shao Rongfen	/xioŋ/	/no/
Edwin Pulleyblank	/huawŋ/	/nɔ/
Li Rong	/xioŋ/	/no/
Wang Li	/xĭwoŋ/	/nu/
Bernhard Karlgren	/xi̯woŋ/	/nuo/
Expected Mandarin Reflex	xiōng	nú
Expected Cantonese Reflex	hung¹	nou⁴

Old Chinese
(Zhengzhang): /*qʰoŋ naː/

Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character	奴
Reading #	1/1
Modern Beijing (Pinyin)	nú
Middle Chinese	‹ nu ›
Old Chinese	/*nˁa/
English	slave
Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. [t] as coda may in fact be -t or -p; Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary.

Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character	匈	奴
Reading #	1/1	1/1
No.	13890	9600
Phonetic component	凶	女
Rime group	東	魚
Rime subdivision	0	0
Corresponding MC rime	胷	奴
Old Chinese	/*qʰoŋ/	/*naː/
Notes	説文胷字見集韻

Proper noun

匈奴

(historical) Xiongnu (ancient nomadic-based people that formed a state or confederation north of the agriculture-based empire of the Han dynasty)
- 夫樊將軍困窮於天下，歸身於丹，丹終不迫於強秦，而棄所哀憐之交置之匈奴，是丹命固卒之時也。 [Traditional Chinese poetry, trad.]
  夫樊将军困穷于天下，归身于丹，丹终不迫于强秦，而弃所哀怜之交置之匈奴，是丹命固卒之时也。 [Traditional Chinese poetry, simp.]
  From: Zhanguo Ce, circa 5^th – 3^rd centuries BCE
  Fú Fán jiāngjūn kùnqióng yú tiānxià, guīshēn yú Dān, Dān zhōng bù pò yú qiáng Qín, ér qì suǒ āilián zhī jiāo zhì zhī Xiōngnú, shì Dān mìng gù zú zhī shí yě. [Pinyin]
  (please add an English translation of this quotation)

Synonyms

(Xin dynasty) 恭奴 (Gōngnú)
(Zhou dynasty) 獫狁／猃狁, 玁狁／𤞤狁
(Shang dynasty) 鬼方 (Guǐfāng)
(Xia dynasty) 獯鬻 (Xūnyù), 葷粥／荤粥

Descendants

Sino-Xenic (匈奴):

→ Japanese: 匈(きょう)奴(ど) (Kyōdo)
→ Korean: 흉노(匈奴) (Hyungno)
→ Vietnamese: Hung Nô (匈奴)

→ English: Xiongnu

→ Russian: сю́нну (sjúnnu), сюнну́ (sjunnú)

Japanese

Kanji in this term
匈	奴
きょう Hyōgai	ど Grade: S
on'yomi

Kanji in this term
匈	奴
Hyōgai	Grade: S
irregular

Etymology 1

Proper noun

匈(きょう)奴(ど) • (Kyōdo)

The Xiongnu peoples, the Huns

Etymology 2

Proper noun

匈奴(フンヌ) or 匈奴(フン) • (Funnu or Fun)

Hun

Korean

Hanja in this term
匈	奴

Proper noun

匈奴 • (Hyungno) (hangeul 흉노)

hanja form^? of 흉노 (“Xiongnu”)

Vietnamese

chữ Hán Nôm in this term
匈	奴

Proper noun

匈奴

chữ Hán form of Hung Nô (“Xiongnu”)