秦

秦 (Kangxi radical 115, 禾+5, 10 strokes, cangjie input 手大竹木 (QKHD), four-corner 5090₄, composition ⿱𡗗禾)

• 榛, 䆐, 溱

• Kangxi Dictionary: page 851, character 30
• Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 24995
• Dae Jaweon: page 1275, character 28
• Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 4, page 2597, character 5
• Unihan data for U+79E6

In the oracle bone script, an ideogrammic compound (會意 / 会意): 午 (“pestle”, the original form of 杵) + 廾 (“two hands”) + two 禾 (“grain”). The most conservative variant is 𥢮. A form of its bronze inscription containing only one 禾 developed into the subsequent small seal script form in Shuowen. The 午 and 廾 components have fused into 𡗗 in the modern form.

According to Shuowen Jiezi, the glyph is an ideogrammic compound (會意 / 会意): abbreviated 舂 (“to pound grain”) + 禾 (“grain”) – husked grain. However this would necessitate a phonological shift that is considered unlikely, and furthermore is likely a folk etymology altogether.^[1]

秦

1. (～國) State of Qin (in ancient China)

   • 晉侯、秦伯圍鄭，以其無禮於晉，且貳於楚也。晉軍函陵，秦軍氾南。 [Traditional Chinese poetry, trad.]
     晋侯、秦伯围郑，以其无礼于晋，且贰于楚也。晋军函陵，秦军氾南。 [Traditional Chinese poetry, simp.]

     From: Commentary of Zuo, c. 4^th century BCE

     Jìn hóu, Qín bó wéi Zhèng, yǐ qí wúlǐ yú Jìn, qiě èr yú Chǔ yě. Jìn jūn Hánlíng, Qín jūn Fánnán. [Pinyin]

     The Marquis of Jin and the Earl of Qin laid siege to [the capital of] Zheng, under the pretext of the [Earl of] Zheng's disrespectful treatments towards [Marquis of] Jin and double-mindedness towards Chu. Jin armies were stationed at Hanling; Qin armies at Fannan.

2. (～朝) Qin dynasty, first imperial dynasty of China
3. Qin, a general area of central-west China in modern-day Shaanxi and Gansu Provinces
4. plain with river
5. a surname

   秦良玉  ―  Qín Liángyù  ―  Qin Liangyu (Ming dynasty female general)

   關公戰秦瓊／关公战秦琼  ―  Guān Gōng zhàn Qín Qióng  ―  Guan Yu fights Qin Qiong

• → English: Ch'in, Chin, Qin, Tsin
• →? Sanskrit: चीन (cīna)
  • Niya Prakrit: 𐨕𐨁𐨣 (cina), 𐨕𐨁𐨎𐨣 (ciṃna)
  • → Malay: Cina
    • Indonesian: Cina
  • → Malayalam: ചീന (cīna)
  • → Middle Chinese: 支那 (MC tsye na)
    • Chinese: 支那 (Zhīnà)
    • → Japanese: 支那 (しな, shina)
    • → Korean: 지나 (jina)
    • → Vietnamese: Chi Na
  • → Middle Persian: 𐭰𐭩𐭭 (čīn)
    • Classical Persian: چین (čīn)
      • Dari: چین (čīn)
      • Iranian Persian: چین (čin)
      • Tajik: Чин (Čin)
      • → Arabic: اَلصِّين (aṣ-ṣīn)
        • → Ancient Greek: Θῖνα (Thîna), Θῖναι (Thînai), Σῖναι (Sînai), Τζίνιστα (Tzínista)
          • → Latin: Sīna, Sinae
      • → Venetan: Cina
        • → Italian: Cina
        • → Portuguese: China
          • → English: China
          • → Dutch: China
            • → German: China
        • → Sardinian: Cina
        • → Spanish: China
          • → Tagalog: Tsina
      • → Old French: Chin
        • French: Chine
  • → Telugu: చీనా (cīnā)
  • → Thai: จีน (jiin)
  • → Kannada: ಚೀನಾ (cīnā)

• “秦”, in 漢語多功能字庫 (Multi-function Chinese Character Database)‎^[2], 香港中文大學 (the Chinese University of Hong Kong), 2014–
• Dictionary of Chinese Character Variants (教育部異體字字典), A02923
• 莆田市荔城区档案馆 [Putian City Licheng District Archives], editor (2022), “秦”, in 莆仙方言文读字汇 [Puxian Dialect Literary Reading Dictionary] (overall work in Mandarin and Puxian Min), page 190.

(Jinmeiyō kanji)

1. Qin dynasty

• Go-on: じん (jin)
• Kan-on: しん (shin)
• Sō-on: ちん (chin)
• Kun: はた (hata, 秦)、はたしん (hatashin, 秦)
• Nanori: かな (kana)、たい (tai)、はだ (hada)、ひろ (hiro)、まさ (masa)、やす (yasu)

From Middle Chinese 秦 (MC dzin).

• (Tokyo) しん [shíꜜǹ] (Atamadaka – [1])
• IPA^(key): [ɕĩɴ]

秦(しん) • (Shin) 

1. (historical) the Qin dynasty (221-207 BCE), first dynasty of China
2. (historical) name of various states during the Sixteen Kingdoms period:
   1. 前秦 (Zenshin, “Former Qin”, 351-394 CE)
   2. 後秦 (Kōshin, “Later Qin”, 384-417 CE)
   3. 西秦 (Seishin, “Western Qin”, 385-431 CE)
3. a surname

(This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium.)

• (Tokyo) はた [hàtá] (Heiban – [0])
• IPA^(key): [ha̠ta̠]

秦(はた) • (Hata) 

1. a place name
2. a surname

• 秦(はたの)公(きみ)寺(でら) (Hatanokimi-dera)

Compound of 秦 (Hata, see above) +‎ 秦 (Shin, “Qin (dynasty)”, see above).

The 秦 kanji itself has a kun-reading of はた (hata).

• (Tokyo) はたしん [hàtáshíń] (Heiban – [0])^[1]
• IPA^(key): [ha̠ta̠ɕĩɴ]

秦(はたしん) • (Hatashin) 

1. synonym of 秦 (Shin, see above)

This reading is used to distinguish from the 漢音 (kan'on) reading of 晋 (Shin, “Jin dynasty”), itself called 晋 (Susumu-shin). The senses are the same for Etymology 1 above.

• IPA^(key): [ha̠da̠]

秦(はだ) • (Hada) 

1. a surname

秦 • (jin) (hangeul 진, revised jin, McCune–Reischauer chin, Yale cin)

1. Qin

秦: Hán Nôm readings: tần, thái

1. This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.