孤獨

See also: 孤独

Chinese

		lone; lonely	alone; independent; single alone; independent; single; sole; only
trad. (孤獨)		孤	獨
simp. (孤独)		孤	独
anagram		獨孤／独孤

Pronunciation 1

Mandarin
(Pinyin): gūdú

(Zhuyin): ㄍㄨㄉㄨˊ
Cantonese (Jyutping): gu¹ duk⁶
Hakka (Sixian, PFS): kû-thu̍k
Southern Min
(Hokkien, POJ): ko͘-to̍k

(Teochew, Peng'im): gou¹ dog⁸

Mandarin
- (Standard Chinese)⁺
  - Hanyu Pinyin: gūdú
  - Zhuyin: ㄍㄨㄉㄨˊ
  - Tongyong Pinyin: gudú
  - Wade–Giles: ku¹-tu²
  - Yale: gū-dú
  - Gwoyeu Romatzyh: gudwu
  - Palladius: гуду (gudu)
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /ku⁵⁵ tu³⁵/
Cantonese
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)⁺
  - Jyutping: gu¹ duk⁶
  - Yale: gū duhk
  - Cantonese Pinyin: gu¹ duk⁹
  - Guangdong Romanization: gu¹ dug⁶
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /kuː⁵⁵ tʊk̚²/
Hakka
- (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Neipu)
  - Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: kû-thu̍k
  - Hakka Romanization System: gu^ˊ tug
  - Hagfa Pinyim: gu¹ tug⁶
  - Sinological IPA: /ku²⁴⁻¹¹ tʰuk̚⁵/
Southern Min
- (Hokkien)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: ko͘-to̍k
  - Tâi-lô: koo-to̍k
  - Phofsit Daibuun: ko'dok
  - IPA (Xiamen): /kɔ⁴⁴⁻²² tɔk̚⁴/
  - IPA (Quanzhou): /kɔ³³ tɔk̚²⁴/
  - IPA (Zhangzhou): /kɔ⁴⁴⁻²² tɔk̚¹²¹/
  - IPA (Taipei): /kɔ⁴⁴⁻³³ tɔk̚⁴/
  - IPA (Kaohsiung): /kɔ⁴⁴⁻³³ tɔk̚⁴/
- (Teochew)
  - Peng'im: gou¹ dog⁸
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: kou to̍k
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /kou³³⁻²³ tok̚⁴/

Middle Chinese: ku duwk

Rime
Character	孤	獨
Reading #	1/1	1/1
Initial (聲)	見 (28)	定 (7)
Final (韻)	模 (23)	屋 (3)
Tone (調)	Level (Ø)	Checked (Ø)
Openness (開合)	Open	Open
Division (等)	I	I
Fanqie	古胡切	徒谷切
Baxter	ku	duwk
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang Shangfang	/kuo/	/duk̚/
Pan Wuyun	/kuo/	/duk̚/
Shao Rongfen	/ko/	/duk̚/
Edwin Pulleyblank	/kɔ/	/dəwk̚/
Li Rong	/ko/	/duk̚/
Wang Li	/ku/	/duk̚/
Bernhard Karlgren	/kuo/	/dʱuk̚/
Expected Mandarin Reflex	gū	dú
Expected Cantonese Reflex	gu¹	duk⁶

Old Chinese
(Baxter–Sagart): /*kʷˤa [d]ˤok/

(Zhengzhang): /*kʷaː doːɡ/

Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character	孤	獨
Reading #	1/1	1/1
Modern Beijing (Pinyin)	gū	dú
Middle Chinese	‹ ku ›	‹ duwk ›
Old Chinese	/*kʷˁa/	/*[d]ˁok/
English	orphan	alone; only
Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. [t] as coda may in fact be -t or -p; Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary.

Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character	孤	獨
Reading #	1/1	1/1
No.	4347	11818
Phonetic component	瓜	蜀
Rime group	魚	屋
Rime subdivision	0	0
Corresponding MC rime	孤	獨
Old Chinese	/*kʷaː/	/*doːɡ/

Adjective

孤獨

lonely; lonesome; solitary; desolate
孤獨終老／孤独终老 ― gūdú zhōnglǎo ― to die alone; to die a lonely death

心底的孤獨和嘆息 [MSC, trad.]
心底的孤独和叹息 [MSC, simp.]
xīndǐ de gūdú hé tànxī [Pinyin]
endless sighs from lonely souls
isolated and helpless

Synonyms

(lonely):

俗 (Hokkien)
孤單 / 孤单 (gūdān)
孤孑 (gūjié) (literary)
孤寂 (gūjì)
寂寞 (jìmò)
寂寥 (jìliáo)
挑另 (Zhangzhou Hokkien)
索寞 (suǒmò) (literary or Eastern Min)
落寞 (luòmò)

Noun

孤獨

(Classical) people living in isolation without support (literally, orphans and childless old people)
- 矜寡孤獨廢疾者皆有所養。 [Traditional Chinese poetry, trad.]
  矜寡孤独废疾者皆有所养。 [Traditional Chinese poetry, simp.]
  From: The Book of Rites, c. 4^th – 2^nd century BCE, translated based on James Legge's version
  Guānguǎ gūdú fèijí zhě jiē yǒusuǒ yǎng. [Pinyin]
  (They showed kindness and compassion to) widows, orphans, childless men, and those who were disabled by disease, so that they were all sufficiently maintained.

Related terms

單獨／单独 (dāndú)

Derived terms

孤獨感 / 孤独感 (gūdúgǎn)
孤獨症 / 孤独症 (gūdúzhèng)
註孤生 / 注孤生 (zhùgūshēng)
鰥寡孤獨 / 鳏寡孤独 (guānguǎgūdú)

Descendants

Sino-Xenic (孤獨):

→ Japanese: 孤(こ)独(どく) (kodoku)
→ Korean: 고독(孤獨) (godok)
→ Vietnamese: cô độc (孤獨)

Pronunciation 2

Southern Min
(Hokkien, POJ): ko͘-ta̍k

(Teochew, Peng'im): gou¹ dag⁸

Southern Min
- (Hokkien)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: ko͘-ta̍k
  - Tâi-lô: koo-ta̍k
  - Phofsit Daibuun: ko'dak
  - IPA (Xiamen): /kɔ⁴⁴⁻²² tak̚⁴/
  - IPA (Quanzhou): /kɔ³³ tak̚²⁴/
  - IPA (Zhangzhou): /kɔ⁴⁴⁻²² tak̚¹²¹/
  - IPA (Taipei): /kɔ⁴⁴⁻³³ tak̚⁴/
  - IPA (Kaohsiung): /kɔ⁴⁴⁻³³ tak̚⁴/
- (Teochew)
  - Peng'im: gou¹ dag⁸
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: kou ta̍k
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /kou³³⁻²³ tak̚⁴/

Adjective

孤獨

(Southern Min) unsociable

Japanese

Kanji in this term
孤	獨
こ Grade: S	どく Hyōgai
kan'on	goon

For pronunciation and definitions of 孤獨 – see the following entry.

【孤独こどく】

[adjective] lonely

[noun] loneliness

[noun] solitude

(This term, 孤獨, is the kyūjitai of the above term.)

Korean

Hanja in this term
孤	獨

Noun

孤獨 • (godok) (hangeul 고독)

hanja form^? of 고독 (“loneliness”)
hanja form^? of 고독 (“A childless old person.”)