幾何

See also: 几何

Chinese

Etymology

geometry
First used in Xu Guangqi and Matteo Ricci's translation of Euclid's Elements in 1607. The derivation likely comes the sense of 幾何 meaning "how many?/how much?" broadened to be a term denoting mathematics concerning number and magnitude in general. The application of the term to specifically mean geometry would have been the result of the way the work was published, in groups of books with long intervals between. When the first six books were published together, the main content of the work was on plane geometry, so 幾何 became a term referring to just that.[1]

Pronunciation 1

how much; how many; several
how much; how many; several; a few; almost
 
carry; what; how
carry; what; how; why; which
 
trad. (幾何) 幾 何
simp. (几何) 几 何
Note: Erhua-ed pronunciation is only used for the geometry sense.
Rime
Character 幾 何
Reading # 3/4 1/2
Initial (聲) 見 (28) 匣 (33)
Final (韻) 微 (20) 歌 (94)
Tone (調) Rising (X) Level (Ø)
Openness (開合) Open Open
Division (等) III I
Fanqie 居狶切 胡歌切
Baxter kj+jX ha
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang
Shangfang 		/kɨiX/ /ɦɑ/
Pan
Wuyun 		/kɨiX/ /ɦɑ/
Shao
Rongfen 		/kiəiX/ /ɣɑ/
Edwin
Pulleyblank 		/kɨjX/ /ɦa/
Li
Rong 		/kiəiX/ /ɣɑ/
Wang
Li 		/kĭəiX/ /ɣɑ/
Bernhard
Karlgren 		/ke̯iX/ /ɣɑ/
Expected
Mandarin
Reflex 		jǐ hé
Expected
Cantonese
Reflex 		gei2 ho4
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character 幾 何
Reading # 2/2 1/1
Modern
Beijing
(Pinyin) 		jǐ hé
Middle
Chinese 		‹ kjɨjX › ‹ ha ›
Old
Chinese 		/*kəjʔ/ /*[ɡ]ˁaj/
English few; how many what

Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system:

* Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence;
* Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p;
* Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix;
* Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary;

* Period "." indicates syllable boundary.
Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character 幾 何
Reading # 2/4 1/2
No. 5800 7458
Phonetic
component 		幾 可
Rime
group 		微 歌
Rime
subdivision 		1 1
Corresponding
MC rime 		蟣 何
Old
Chinese 		/*kɯlʔ/ /*ɡaːl/

Adverb

幾何

  1. (literary) how much; how many
    您女兒芳齡幾何？ [MSC, trad.]
    您女儿芳龄几何？ [MSC, simp.]
    Nín nǚ'ér fānglíng jǐhé? [Pinyin]
    How old is your daughter? [honorific]
    (literally, “How many is your daughter's age?”)
Synonyms
Dialectal synonyms of 多少 (“how many; how much”) [map]
Variety Location Words
Classical Chinese 幾, 幾何, 幾多, 幾許, 多少
Formal (Written Standard Chinese) 多少
Northeastern Mandarin Beijing 多少
Taiwan 多少
Singapore 多少
Jilu Mandarin Jinan 多少
Central Plains Mandarin Xi'an 多少
Southwestern Mandarin Chengdu 好多
Wuhan 幾多, 好多
Guilin 好多
Xiangtan (Jiangnan Industries Group koine) 幾, 幾多
Jianghuai Mandarin Yangzhou 多少
Hefei 好些, 好多
Cantonese Guangzhou 幾多, 幾
Hong Kong 幾多, 幾
Taishan 幾多
Dongguan 幾多
Yangjiang 幾多, 幾
Singapore (Guangfu) 幾多, 幾
Gan Nanchang 幾多
Hakka Meixian 幾多
Miaoli (N. Sixian) 幾多
Pingtung (Neipu; S. Sixian) 幾多
Hsinchu County (Zhudong; Hailu) 幾多
Taichung (Dongshi; Dabu) 幾多
Hsinchu County (Qionglin; Raoping) 幾多
Yunlin (Lunbei; Zhao'an) 幾多
Jin Taiyuan 多少
Northern Min Jian'ou 幾多
Eastern Min Fuzhou 若夥
Singapore (Fuqing) 若夥
Southern Min Xiamen 偌濟
Quanzhou 偌濟
Shishi 偌濟
Zhangzhou 偌濟
Zhao'an 偌濟
Tainan 偌濟, 幾
Penang (Hokkien) 幾
Singapore (Hokkien) 偌濟, 幾
Manila (Hokkien) 偌濟, 幾
Chaozhou 若濟
Shantou 若濟
Jieyang 若濟
Puning 若濟
Pontianak (Teochew) 若濟
Haikou 偌濟
Puxian Min Putian 若何
Putian (Jiangkou, Hanjiang) 若何
Putian (Nanri, Xiuyu) 若何
Xianyou 若何
Xianyou (Fengting) 若何
Xianyou (Youyang) 若何
Southern Pinghua Nanning (Tingzi) 幾多
Wu Shanghai 多少, 幾化, 幾多化 dated
Shanghai (Qingpu) 幾好
Shanghai (Jiading) 幾漢
Shanghai (Chongming) 多話
Suzhou 幾化
Wuxi 幾化
Ningbo 多少
Wenzhou 幾倈兒, 幾倈
Lishui 幾粒
Qingyuan 多
Xiang Changsha 好多
Xiangtan 幾, 幾多
Shuangfeng 好多, 幾多
Derived terms
  • 俟河之清，人壽幾何 / 俟河之清，人寿几何
  • 冇幾何 / 冇几何 (mou5 gei2 ho4-2)
  • 春秋幾何 / 春秋几何
  • 有幾何 / 有几何 (jau5 gei2 ho4-2)
  • 無幾何 / 无几何
  • 相去幾何 / 相去几何

Noun

幾何

  1. (mathematics) geometry [from 1607]
Derived terms

Descendants

Sino-Xenic (幾何):
  • → Japanese: 幾何(きか) (kika)
  • → Korean: 기하(幾何) (giha)
  • → Vietnamese: kỉ hà (幾何)

Pronunciation 2

how much; how many; several
how much; how many; several; a few; almost
 
carry; what; how
carry; what; how; why; which
 
trad. (幾何) 幾 何
simp. (几何) 几 何
alternative forms 幾好／几好

Adverb

幾何

  1. (Taishanese) how
  2. (Taishanese) why
Synonyms
Dialectal synonyms of 怎樣 (“how”) [map]
Variety Location Words
Classical Chinese 如何, 何以, 若何
Formal (Written Standard Chinese) 如何, 怎樣
Northeastern Mandarin Beijing 怎麼樣兒, 怎樣兒
Taiwan 怎麼樣, 怎樣, 如何
Malaysia 怎麼樣, 怎樣, 如何
Singapore 怎麼樣, 怎樣, 如何
Jilu Mandarin Jinan 怎麼樣
Central Plains Mandarin Xi'an 咋樣兒
Southwestern Mandarin Chengdu 咋個樣, 咋個樣子, 啷個樣, 啷個樣子
Wuhan 麼樣, 麼樣子, 哪樣, 哪樣子
Guilin 啷子樣
Jianghuai Mandarin Yangzhou 怎們樣, 哪一個樣, 哪一個樣子
Hefei 怎樣
Cantonese Guangzhou 點樣, 點
Hong Kong 點樣, 點
Hong Kong (Kam Tin; Weitou) 點樣
Macau 點樣, 點
Guangzhou (Panyu) 點
Guangzhou (Zengcheng) 點樣, 點樣做
Foshan 點
Foshan (Shatou, Nanhai) 點
Foshan (Shunde) 點, 點樣
Foshan (Sanshui) 點
Foshan (Mingcheng, Gaoming) 點
Zhongshan (Shiqi) 點子
Zhongshan (Huancheng) 點子
Zhongshan (Nanlang) 點子
Zhongshan (Xiaolan) 點
Zhongshan (Dongsheng, Xiaolan) 點, 點樣
Zhongshan (Tanbei, Xiaolan) 點, 點樣
Zhongshan (Henglan) 點, 點樣
Zhongshan (Dongfeng) 點, 點樣
Zhongshan (Nantou) 點, 點樣
Zhongshan (Fusha) 點, 點樣
Zhongshan (Shalang) 點, 點樣
Zhongshan (Gangkou) 點, 點樣
Zhongshan (Huangpu) 點, 點樣
Zhongshan (Langwang, Minzhong) 點, 點樣
Zhongshan (Minzhong) 點, 點樣
Zhongshan (Banfu) 點, 點樣
Zhongshan (Tanzhou) 點, 點樣
Zhuhai (Qianshan, Xiangzhou) 點樣
Zhuhai (Shangheng, Doumen; Tanka) 點
Zhuhai (Doumen) 點
Taishan 幾何
Singapore (Guangfu) 點樣, 點
Gan Nanchang 啷樣, 啷
Hakka Meixian 仰般, 仰仔
Miaoli (N. Sixian) 仰般, 仰仔
Pingtung (Neipu; S. Sixian) 仰仔
Hsinchu County (Zhudong; Hailu) 仰般
Taichung (Dongshi; Dabu) 仰脣, 仰
Hsinchu County (Qionglin; Raoping) 仰般, 仰般形
Yunlin (Lunbei; Zhao'an) 仰子
Jin Taiyuan 咋, 咋底
Northern Min Jian'ou 何如, 何如事
Eastern Min Fuzhou 將樣, 蔣樣, 蔣其
Southern Min Xiamen 按怎, 怎樣, 啥款
Quanzhou 障仔, 怎樣, 按怎, 啥款
Zhangzhou 按怎, 怎樣, 啥款
Tainan 按怎, 怎仔樣, 怎樣仔, 啥款
Penang (Hokkien) 按怎
Singapore (Hokkien) 按怎
Manila (Hokkien) 障仔, 怎樣
Chaozhou 在生樣, 乜生樣, 做呢
Shantou 在生
Jieyang 在生, 在生樣
Haifeng 做呢, 做呢樣
Singapore (Teochew) 做呢, 在生
Zhongshan Min Zhongshan (Longdu, Shaxi) 哪, 哪樣
Wu Shanghai 哪能, 哪能介, 哪能樣子
Suzhou 捺亨
Wenzhou 訾那, 訾那能
Xiang Changsha 何是, 何裡
Shuangfeng 麼家
Dialectal synonyms of 為什麼 (“why”) [map]
Variety Location Words
Classical Chinese 何為, 何以, 何, 何故, 緣何, 胡, 奚, 曷, 胡為
Formal (Written Standard Chinese) 為什麼, 為何, 因何, 何以
Northeastern Mandarin Beijing 為什麼, 幹嗎, 幹什麼
Taiwan 為什麼
Harbin 為啥
Malaysia 為什麼, 做什麼, 做麼
Singapore 為什麼, 做什麼, 做麼
Jilu Mandarin Tianjin 為嘛
Jinan 為麼兒, 為麼, 幹麼兒, 為什麼
Jiaoliao Mandarin Yantai (Muping) 為麼, 為麼個
Central Plains Mandarin Xi'an 為啥, 因啥
Xining 為啥
Xuzhou 為啥, 擁啥, 擁什麼
Lanyin Mandarin Yinchuan 為啥
Lanzhou 為啥
Ürümqi 為啥
Southwestern Mandarin Chengdu 為啥子, 做啥子
Wuhan 做麼事, 為麼事
Guiyang 為哪樣, 為些哪樣
Guilin 為什麼
Liuzhou 為什麼
Xiangtan (Jiangnan Industries Group koine) 為什麼
Jianghuai Mandarin Nanjing 為什麼
Yangzhou 甚們事, 做事, 做啥, 為甚們 formal
Hefei 怎搞, 怎搞的
Cantonese Guangzhou 點解, 做乜, 做乜嘢, 為乜, 為乜為物, 做乜事幹, 因乜事幹, 因乜解究, 因乜緣故, 何解, 乜, 咩
Hong Kong 點解, 做乜, 做乜嘢, 做咩, 為乜, 為咩, 做乜事幹, 因乜事幹, 因乜解究, 因咩解究, 因乜緣故, 何解, 乜, 咩
Hong Kong (Kam Tin; Weitou) 做乜嘢
Macau 點解, 做乜, 做乜嘢, 做咩, 為乜, 為乜嘢, 為咩, 因乜事, 因咩事, 咩事幹, 乜事幹
Guangzhou (Panyu) 點解
Guangzhou (Huashan, Huadu) 整乜嘢
Guangzhou (Zengcheng) 做乜嘢
Foshan 點解
Foshan (Shatou, Nanhai) 點解
Foshan (Shunde) 為乜嘢
Foshan (Mingcheng, Gaoming) 因乜嘢, 點解
Zhongshan (Shiqi) 為乜嘢
Zhuhai (Qianshan, Xiangzhou) 為乜嘢
Zhuhai (Shangheng, Doumen; Tanka) 點解
Zhuhai (Doumen) 點解
Jiangmen (Baisha) 點解
Taishan 幾何, 幾解, 做乜, 為乜, 乜頭路
Kaiping (Chikan) 幾解
Enping (Niujiang) 做乜
Dongguan 點解, 做乜嘢, 做乜, 為乜嘢
Shenzhen (Shajing, Bao'an) 點解
Shenzhen (Dapeng) 點解
Yangjiang 為乜, 為乜事, 做乜, 做乜事, 做乜嘢
Hepu (Lianzhou) 為物底
Qinzhou 為乜嘢, 為乜
Qinzhou (Xiniujiao) 為乜底
Beihai 為乜嘢
Beihai (Nankang) 做乜嘢
Beihai (Yingpan) 為乜底
Beihai (Qiaogang - Cô Tô) 做乜嘢, 為乜
Beihai (Qiaogang - Cát Bà) 做乜嘢
Fangchenggang (Fangcheng) 做乜嘢, 為乜
Kuala Lumpur (Guangfu) 點解
Singapore (Guangfu) 點解
Ho Chi Minh City (Guangfu) 做乜嘢
Móng Cái 點解, 為乜
Yangon (Taishan) 幾解
Gan Nanchang 為什哩
Pingxiang 為咋個, 為咋哩, 做咋個, 做咋哩, 何解
Hakka Meixian 做麼個
Huizhou (Huicheng; Bendihua) 做乜嘢, 做嘢
Dongguan (Qingxi) 做麼個
Shenzhen (Shatoujiao) 做麼個
Zhongshan (Wuguishan) 仰解, 做乜嘢
Zhongshan (Nanlang Heshui) 為乜嘢
Guangzhou (Lütian, Conghua) 為麼個
Miaoli (N. Sixian) 做麼個
Pingtung (Neipu; S. Sixian) 做麼個
Hsinchu County (Zhudong; Hailu) 做麼個
Taichung (Dongshi; Dabu) 做麼個
Hsinchu County (Qionglin; Raoping) 做麼個
Yunlin (Lunbei; Zhao'an) 做麼個
Hong Kong 做麼個
Kuching (Hepo) 做乜個
Jin Taiyuan 為甚, 因為甚, 幹什
Xinzhou 𠰻們
Northern Min Jian'ou 為孰事, 做孰事
Eastern Min Fuzhou 蔣其, 蔣講, 做什乇, 做什名, 幹乜勢, 傒勢
Fuzhou (Changle) 傒勢
Fuqing 介計
Yongtai 蔣其
Gutian 做什乇
Fu'an 做乜乇
Ningde 做乇
Shouning 做呢乇
Zhouning 做乜乇
Fuding 做哪乇
Matsu 為什乇, 蔣其, 蔣講, 做什乇, 傒勢
Southern Min Xiamen 為什物, 按怎, 物代, 敢咧, 創什物
Quanzhou 按怎, 物代
Jinjiang 為啥物
Zhangzhou 按怎
Zhao'an 為甚物
Dongshan 為甚物
Taipei 為啥物, 是按怎
Penang (Hokkien) 何物事, 做物事, 做物
Singapore (Hokkien) 按怎
Manila (Hokkien) 敢哪, 敢哪誌
Medan (Hokkien) 何物事
Chaozhou 做呢
Shantou 做呢
Shantou (Chaoyang) 做呢
Singapore (Teochew) 做呢
Leizhou 作乜, 因乜
Wenchang 作乜, 因乜, 怎作
Haikou 作乜, 作個乜, 作乜物, 因乜, 因個乜
Singapore (Hainanese) 作乜
Zhongshan Min Zhongshan (Longdu, Shaxi) 為乜嘢
Southern Pinghua Nanning (Tingzi) 做門, 做哪門, 為哪門
Waxiang Guzhang (Gaofeng) 為什個
Wu Shanghai 啥體, 為啥, 做啥, 啥講究, 為啥體, 啥個講究, 啥道理, 為啥道理, 啥個路道, 啥個緣故
Shanghai (Chongming) 為何, 做何
Suzhou 為啥, 為點啥, 做啥, 啥體, 為啥體
Danyang 為點高, 做點高
Hangzhou 為啥
Wenzhou 妝乜, 為何呢, 為乜事幹
Jinhua 為淡事幹, 為待西
Xiang Changsha 為麼子, 何解
Xiangtan 奚解
Loudi 嗎介
Shuangfeng 為麼子, 做麼子

References

  1. ^ [1]

Japanese

Etymology 1

Kanji in this term
幾 何
き
Grade: S 		か
Grade: 2
kan'on

Shortening of 幾何学 (kikagaku, “geometry”).[1][2]

First attested in the early Meiji period, in a text from 1886.[1]

Pronunciation

  • (Tokyo) きか [kíꜜkà] (Atamadaka – [1])[2]
  • (Tokyo) きか [kìkáꜜ] (Odaka – [2])[2] non-lexical pitch that some speakers employ to reconcile coinciding devoicing and accenting
  • IPA(key): [kʲi̥ka̠]

Noun

幾(き)何(か) • (kika) 

  1. [1886] (mathematics, colloquial) short for 幾何学 (kikagaku): geometry
Derived terms

Etymology 2

Kanji in this term
幾 何
いく
Grade: S 		ばく
Grade: 2
kun'yomi irregular
For pronunciation and definitions of 幾何 – see the following entry.
【幾許いくばく】
[adverb] how much, how many
[adverb] (usually followed by か (ka)), few, a little bit
[adverb] (chiefly in the negative) a little bit, not much
Alternative spelling
幾ばく
【幾許こきし】
[adverb] many, a lot
【幾許いくだ】
[adverb] (chiefly in the negative) a little bit, not much
Alternative spelling
幾ばく
(This term, 幾何, is an alternative spelling of the above term.)

Usage notes

The kanji spelling is an orthographic borrowing from Chinese 幾何 / 几何 (jǐhé).

References

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 Shōgaku Tosho (1988) 国語大辞典（新装版） [Unabridged Dictionary of Japanese (Revised Edition)] (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Shogakukan, →ISBN
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 [Daijirin] (in Japanese), Third edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN

Vietnamese

chữ Hán Nôm in this term
幾何

Adjective

幾何

  1. chữ Hán form of kỉ hà (“geometric”)
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