彊

See also: 强, 強, 疆, and 彁

彊	U+5F4A, 彊 CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-5F4A

← 彉
[U+5F49]

CJK Unified Ideographs

彋 →
[U+5F4B]

Translingual

Han character

彊 (Kangxi radical 57, 弓+13, 16 strokes, cangjie input 弓一田一 (NMWM), four-corner 1121₆, composition ⿰弓畺)

Derived characters

疆, 䕬, 𠣀, 𠣃, 𡾪, 𦇤, 𧖑, 𧟂, 𨯞, 𫕘

References

Kangxi Dictionary: page 361, character 6
Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 9872
Dae Jaweon: page 679, character 5
Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 2, page 1003, character 1
Unihan data for U+5F4A

Chinese

trad.		彊
simp.		强

Glyph origin

Characters in the same phonetic series (畺) (Zhengzhang, 2003)

	Old Chinese
畺	*kaŋ
畕	*kaŋ
礓	*kaŋ
繮	*kaŋ
韁	*kaŋ
橿	*kaŋ
薑	*kaŋ
疆	*kaŋ
壃	*kaŋ
僵	*kaŋ
彊	kaŋs, ɡaŋ, *ɡaŋʔ
麠	*kaŋ

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 / 形声, OC *kaŋs, *ɡaŋ, *ɡaŋʔ): semantic 弓 (“bow”) + phonetic 畺 (OC *kaŋ). Bow is powerful.

Pronunciation

Mandarin
(Pinyin): qiáng (qiang²)

(Zhuyin): ㄑㄧㄤˊ
Cantonese (Jyutping): koeng⁴
Hakka (Sixian, PFS): khiòng
Eastern Min (BUC): giòng
Southern Min
(Hokkien, POJ): kiûⁿ / kiông / kiâng

(Teochew, Peng'im): kiang⁵ / kiang³ / gion⁵ / giên⁵
Wu (Northern, Wugniu): ⁶jian / ⁴jian / ²jian

Mandarin
- (Standard Chinese)⁺
  - Hanyu Pinyin: qiáng
  - Zhuyin: ㄑㄧㄤˊ
  - Tongyong Pinyin: ciáng
  - Wade–Giles: chʻiang²
  - Yale: chyáng
  - Gwoyeu Romatzyh: chyang
  - Palladius: цян (cjan)
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /t͡ɕʰi̯ɑŋ³⁵/
Cantonese
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
  - Jyutping: koeng⁴
  - Yale: kèuhng
  - Cantonese Pinyin: koeng⁴
  - Guangdong Romanization: kêng⁴
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /kʰœːŋ²¹/
Hakka
- (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Neipu)
  - Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: khiòng
  - Hakka Romanization System: kiong^ˇ
  - Hagfa Pinyim: kiong²
  - Sinological IPA: /kʰi̯oŋ¹¹/
Eastern Min
- (Fuzhou)
  - Bàng-uâ-cê: giòng
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /kyoŋ⁵³/
Southern Min
- (Hokkien: Xiamen, Quanzhou)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: kiûⁿ
  - Tâi-lô: kiûnn
  - Phofsit Daibuun: kviuu
  - IPA (Xiamen, Quanzhou): /kiũ²⁴/
- (Hokkien: Xiamen, Quanzhou, General Taiwanese)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: kiông
  - Tâi-lô: kiông
  - Phofsit Daibuun: kioong
  - IPA (Xiamen, Quanzhou, Taipei): /kiɔŋ²⁴/
  - IPA (Kaohsiung): /kiɔŋ²³/
- (Hokkien: Zhangzhou)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: kiâng
  - Tâi-lô: kiâng
  - Phofsit Daibuun: kiaang
  - IPA (Zhangzhou): /kiaŋ¹³/

Note:

kiûⁿ - vernacular;
kiông/kiâng - literary.

(Teochew)
- Peng'im: kiang⁵ / kiang³ / gion⁵ / giên⁵
- Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: khiâng / khiàng / kiôⁿ / kiêⁿ
- Sinological IPA ^(key): /kʰiaŋ⁵⁵/, /kʰiaŋ²¹³/, /kĩõ⁵⁵/, /kĩẽ⁵⁵/

Note:

kiang3 - "clever", "good at";
gion5 - "superior;
better" (giên5 - Chaozhou).

Wu
- (Northern: Shanghai)
  - Wugniu: ⁶jian
  - MiniDict: jian^去
  - Wiktionary Romanisation (Shanghai): ³jjian
  - Sinological IPA (Shanghai): /d͡ʑiã²³/
- (Northern: Jiaxing)
  - Wugniu: ⁴jian
  - MiniDict: jian^上
  - Sinological IPA (Jiaxing): /d͡ʑiã²¹³/
- (Northern: Ningbo)
  - Wugniu: ²jian
  - MiniDict: jian^平
  - Sinological IPA (Ningbo): /d͡ʑiã³¹³/

Middle Chinese: gjang

Rime
Character	彊
Reading #	1/3
Initial (聲)	群 (30)
Final (韻)	陽 (105)
Tone (調)	Level (Ø)
Openness (開合)	Open
Division (等)	III
Fanqie	巨良切
Baxter	gjang
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang Shangfang	/ɡɨɐŋ/
Pan Wuyun	/ɡiɐŋ/
Shao Rongfen	/ɡiɑŋ/
Edwin Pulleyblank	/gɨaŋ/
Li Rong	/ɡiaŋ/
Wang Li	/ɡĭaŋ/
Bernhard Karlgren	/gi̯aŋ/
Expected Mandarin Reflex	qiáng
Expected Cantonese Reflex	koeng⁴

Old Chinese
(Zhengzhang): /*kaŋs/

Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character	彊
Reading #	1/3
No.	6264
Phonetic component	畺
Rime group	陽
Rime subdivision	0
Corresponding MC rime
Old Chinese	/*kaŋs/

Definitions

彊

(archaic) alternative form of 強 / 强
36th tetragram of the Taixuanjing; "strength" (𝌩)
a surname

Compounds

丁彊 / 丁强
不畏彊禦 / 不畏强御
不避彊禦 / 不避强御
博聞彊志 / 博闻强志
博聞彊記 / 博闻强记
富彊 / 富强 (fùqiáng)
彊幹弱枝 / 强干弱枝
彊弩之末 / 强弩之末 (qiángnǔzhīmò)
彊志 / 强志
彊本 / 强本
彊本弱末 / 强本弱末
彊本節用 / 强本节用
彊梁
彊禦 / 强御
彊記博聞 / 强记博闻
按彊助弱 / 按强助弱
相倚為彊 / 相倚为强
禺彊 / 禺强

Japanese

Kanji

彊

(Hyōgai kanji)

alternative form of 強 (“strong”)

Readings

Go-on: ごう (gō)^{←がう (gau, historical)}
Kan-on: きょう (kyō)^{←きやう (kyau, historical)}
Kun: つよい (tsuyoi, 彊い)、つよし (tsuyoshi, 彊し)、しいる (shiiru, 彊いる)
Nanori: あき (aki)、つとむ (tsutomu)、つよし (tsuyoshi)、ひさし (hisashi)

Pronunciation

Kanji in this term
彊
つとむ Hyōgai
nanori

(Tokyo) つとむ [tsùtómú] (Heiban – [0])
IPA^(key): [t͡sɨto̞mɯ̟]

Proper noun

彊(つとむ) • (Tsutomu)

a male given name

See also

彁, a ghost kanji thought to be derived from this character

Korean

Etymology

From Middle Chinese 彊 (MC gjang|gjangX).

Hanja

彊 (eumhun 굳셀 강 (gutsel gang))

(literary) hanja form^? of 강 (“to be strong”)

Synonyms

強 (강 (gang))
勍 (경 (gyeong))

Compounds

강구 (彊求, ganggu)
강기 (彊記, ganggi)
강어 (彊禦, gang'eo)

References

국제퇴계학회 대구경북지부 (國際退溪學會大邱慶北支部) (2007). Digital Hanja Dictionary, 전자사전／電子字典. [1]

Vietnamese

Han character

彊: Hán Nôm readings: cương, cường

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