愾

See also: 忾

愾	U+613E, 愾 CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-613E

← 愽
[U+613D]

CJK Unified Ideographs

愿 →
[U+613F]

Translingual

Han character

愾 (Kangxi radical 61, 心+10, 13 strokes, cangjie input 心人弓木 (POND), four-corner 9801₇, composition ⿰忄氣)

anger, wrath, hatred, enmity

References

Kangxi Dictionary: page 397, character 5
Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 11029
Dae Jaweon: page 736, character 1
Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 4, page 2337, character 5
Unihan data for U+613E

Chinese

trad.		愾
simp.		忾

Glyph origin

Historical forms of the character 愾
Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han)
Small seal script

Characters in the same phonetic series (气) (Zhengzhang, 2003)

	Old Chinese
愾	kʰɯːds, qʰɯds
忾	*qʰrɯl
刏	kɯl, ɡɯl, *kuːls
汽	*kʰɯds
氣	kʰɯds, qʰɯds
气	*kʰɯds
忥	*qʰɯds
餼	*qʰɯds
鎎	*qʰɯds
熂	*qʰɯds
霼	*qʰɯds
犔	*qʰɯds

Pronunciation 1

Mandarin
(Pinyin): kài (kai⁴)

(Zhuyin): ㄎㄞˋ
Cantonese (Jyutping): koi³
Hakka (Sixian, PFS): khói
Eastern Min (BUC): kái
Puxian Min (Pouseng Ping'ing): kai⁴
Southern Min
(Hokkien, POJ): khài

(Teochew, Peng'im): kai³

Mandarin
- (Standard Chinese)⁺
  - Hanyu Pinyin: kài
  - Zhuyin: ㄎㄞˋ
  - Tongyong Pinyin: kài
  - Wade–Giles: kʻai⁴
  - Yale: kài
  - Gwoyeu Romatzyh: kay
  - Palladius: кай (kaj)
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /kʰaɪ̯⁵¹/
Cantonese
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
  - Jyutping: koi³
  - Yale: koi
  - Cantonese Pinyin: koi³
  - Guangdong Romanization: koi³
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /kʰɔːi̯³³/
Hakka
- (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Neipu)
  - Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: khói
  - Hakka Romanization System: koi^ˋ
  - Hagfa Pinyim: koi³
  - Sinological IPA: /kʰoi̯³¹/
Eastern Min
- (Fuzhou)
  - Bàng-uâ-cê: kái
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /kʰɑi²¹³/
Puxian Min
- (Putian, Xianyou)
  - Pouseng Ping'ing: kai⁴
  - Báⁿ-uā-ci̍: ka̍i
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /kʰai⁴²/
Southern Min
- (Hokkien)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: khài
  - Tâi-lô: khài
  - Phofsit Daibuun: qaix
  - IPA (Xiamen): /kʰai²¹/
  - IPA (Quanzhou): /kʰai⁴¹/
  - IPA (Zhangzhou): /kʰai²¹/
  - IPA (Taipei): /kʰai¹¹/
  - IPA (Kaohsiung): /kʰai²¹/
- (Teochew)
  - Peng'im: kai³
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: khài
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /kʰai²¹³/

Middle Chinese: khojH

Rime
Character	愾
Reading #	2/2
Initial (聲)	溪 (29)
Final (韻)	咍 (41)
Tone (調)	Departing (H)
Openness (開合)	Open
Division (等)	I
Fanqie	苦蓋切
Baxter	khojH
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang Shangfang	/kʰʌi^H/
Pan Wuyun	/kʰəi^H/
Shao Rongfen	/kʰɒi^H/
Edwin Pulleyblank	/kʰəj^H/
Li Rong	/kʰᴀi^H/
Wang Li	/kʰɒi^H/
Bernhard Karlgren	/kʰɑ̆i^H/
Expected Mandarin Reflex	kài
Expected Cantonese Reflex	hoi³

Old Chinese
(Baxter–Sagart): /*qʰəp-s/

(Zhengzhang): /*kʰɯːds/

Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character	愾
Reading #	1/1
Modern Beijing (Pinyin)	kài
Middle Chinese	‹ xjɨj^H ›
Old Chinese	/*qʰəp-s/
English	sigh; angry
Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. [t] as coda may in fact be -t or -p; Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary.

Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character	愾
Reading #	1/2
No.	10136
Phonetic component	气
Rime group	隊
Rime subdivision	1
Corresponding MC rime	磕
Old Chinese	/*kʰɯːds/

Definitions

愾

(literary) to hate; to resent; to be angry

Compounds

同仇敵愾 / 同仇敌忾 (tóngchóudíkài)
同讎敵愾 / 同雠敌忾 (tóngchóudíkài)
愾憤 / 忾愤
憤愾 / 愤忾
敵愾 / 敌忾 (díkài)
敵愾同仇 / 敌忾同仇 (díkàitóngchóu)

Pronunciation 2

Mandarin
(Pinyin): xì (xi⁴)

(Zhuyin): ㄒㄧˋ
Cantonese (Jyutping): hei³
Hakka (Sixian, PFS): hi
Eastern Min (BUC): ké
Southern Min
(Hokkien, POJ): hì

(Teochew, Peng'im): ki³

Mandarin
- (Standard Chinese)⁺
  - Hanyu Pinyin: xì
  - Zhuyin: ㄒㄧˋ
  - Tongyong Pinyin: sì
  - Wade–Giles: hsi⁴
  - Yale: syì
  - Gwoyeu Romatzyh: shih
  - Palladius: си (si)
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /ɕi⁵¹/
Cantonese
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
  - Jyutping: hei³
  - Yale: hei
  - Cantonese Pinyin: hei³
  - Guangdong Romanization: héi³
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /hei̯³³/
Hakka
- (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Neipu)
  - Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: hi
  - Hakka Romanization System: hi
  - Hagfa Pinyim: hi⁴
  - Sinological IPA: /hi⁵⁵/
Eastern Min
- (Fuzhou)
  - Bàng-uâ-cê: ké
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /kʰɛi²¹³/
Southern Min
- (Hokkien)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: hì
  - Tâi-lô: hì
  - Phofsit Daibuun: hix
  - IPA (Xiamen): /hi²¹/
  - IPA (Quanzhou): /hi⁴¹/
  - IPA (Zhangzhou): /hi²¹/
  - IPA (Taipei): /hi¹¹/
  - IPA (Kaohsiung): /hi²¹/
- (Teochew)
  - Peng'im: ki³
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: khì
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /kʰi²¹³/

Middle Chinese: xj+jH

Rime
Character	愾
Reading #	1/2
Initial (聲)	曉 (32)
Final (韻)	微 (20)
Tone (調)	Departing (H)
Openness (開合)	Open
Division (等)	III
Fanqie	許旣切
Baxter	xj+jH
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang Shangfang	/hɨi^H/
Pan Wuyun	/hɨi^H/
Shao Rongfen	/xiəi^H/
Edwin Pulleyblank	/hɨj^H/
Li Rong	/xiəi^H/
Wang Li	/xĭəi^H/
Bernhard Karlgren	/xe̯i^H/
Expected Mandarin Reflex	xì
Expected Cantonese Reflex	hei³

Old Chinese
(Baxter–Sagart): /*qʰəp-s/

(Zhengzhang): /*qʰɯds/

Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character	愾
Reading #	1/1
Modern Beijing (Pinyin)	kài
Middle Chinese	‹ xjɨj^H ›
Old Chinese	/*qʰəp-s/
English	sigh; angry
Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. [t] as coda may in fact be -t or -p; Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary.

Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character	愾
Reading #	2/2
No.	10145
Phonetic component	气
Rime group	隊
Rime subdivision	1
Corresponding MC rime
Old Chinese	/*qʰɯds/

Definitions

愾

(obsolete on its own in Standard Chinese) to sigh

Compounds

愾歎 / 忾叹
愾然 / 忾然

References

“愾”, in 漢語多功能字庫 (Multi-function Chinese Character Database)‎^[1], 香港中文大學 (the Chinese University of Hong Kong), 2014–
莆田市荔城区档案馆 [Putian City Licheng District Archives], editor (2022), “忾”, in 莆仙方言文读字汇 [Puxian Dialect Literary Reading Dictionary] (overall work in Mandarin and Puxian Min), page 120.

Japanese

Kanji

愾

(Hyōgai kanji)

This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.

Readings

Go-on: かい (kai)、け (ke)
Kan-on: かい (kai)、き (ki)
Kan’yō-on: がい (gai)
Kun: ためいき (tameiki, 愾)

Korean

Hanja

愾 • (gae, hui) (hangeul 개, 희, revised gae, hui, McCune–Reischauer kae, hŭi, Yale kay, huy)

This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.

Vietnamese

Han character

愾: Hán Nôm readings: khái

This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.

References

Nom Foundation