憐

See also: 怜

憐	U+6190, 憐 CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-6190

← 憏
[U+618F]

CJK Unified Ideographs

憑 →
[U+6191]

憐	U+F98F, 憐 CJK COMPATIBILITY IDEOGRAPH-F98F

← 年
[U+F98E]

CJK Compatibility Ideographs

戀 →
[U+F990]

Translingual

Han character

憐 (Kangxi radical 61, 心+12, 16 strokes, cangjie input 心火木手 (PFDQ), four-corner 9905₉, composition ⿰忄粦)

References

Kangxi Dictionary: page 402, character 12
Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 11206
Dae Jaweon: page 742, character 14
Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 4, page 2356, character 7
Unihan data for U+6190

Unihan data for U+F98F

Chinese

trad.		憐
simp.		怜^*

Glyph origin

Historical forms of the character 憐
Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han)
Small seal script

Characters in the same phonetic series (粦) (Zhengzhang, 2003)

	Old Chinese
潾	rriːn, rin
膦	*renʔ
憐	*riːn
燐	rin, rins
鄰	*rin
轔	rin, rins
嶙	rin, rinʔ
粼	rin, rins
磷	rin, rins
疄	rin, rins
麟	*rin
鱗	*rin
璘	*rin
翷	*rin
瞵	rin, rins
獜	rin, reːŋ
驎	*rin
鏻	rin, rins, *reːŋ
繗	*rin
僯	*rinʔ
橉	rinʔ, rins
撛	rinʔ, rins
遴	*rins
粦	*rins
甐	*rins

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 / 形声, OC *riːn): semantic 心 (“heart”) + phonetic 粦 (OC *rins).

Etymology

From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *d-rin (“compassion; love”). Cognate with Tibetan དྲིན (drin, “kindness; favour; grace”) and Burmese ရည်ငံ (ranyngam, “to fall in love”) and Burmese ရည်းစား (rany:ca:, “lover”).

Pronunciation

Mandarin
(Standard)
(Pinyin): lián (lian²)

(Zhuyin): ㄌㄧㄢˊ

(Chengdu, Sichuanese Pinyin): nian²
Cantonese
(Guangzhou–Hong Kong, Jyutping): lin⁴

(Taishan, Wiktionary): len³
Gan (Wiktionary): lien⁴
Hakka
(Sixian, PFS): lièn

(Hailu, HRS): lien

(Meixian, Guangdong): lin²
Jin (Wiktionary): lie¹
Northern Min (KCR): lǐng
Eastern Min (BUC): lèng / lìng
Southern Min
(Hokkien, POJ): lîn / liân

(Teochew, Peng'im): liang⁵ / liêng⁵
Wu (Shanghai, Wugniu): ⁶li
Xiang (Changsha, Wiktionary): lienn²

Mandarin
- (Standard Chinese)⁺
  - Hanyu Pinyin: lián
  - Zhuyin: ㄌㄧㄢˊ
  - Tongyong Pinyin: lián
  - Wade–Giles: lien²
  - Yale: lyán
  - Gwoyeu Romatzyh: lian
  - Palladius: лянь (ljanʹ)
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /li̯ɛn³⁵/
- (Chengdu)
  - Sichuanese Pinyin: nian²
  - Scuanxua Ladinxua Xin Wenz: lian
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /niɛn²¹/
Cantonese
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
  - Jyutping: lin⁴
  - Yale: lìhn
  - Cantonese Pinyin: lin⁴
  - Guangdong Romanization: lin⁴
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /liːn²¹/
- (Taishanese, Taicheng)
  - Wiktionary: len³
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /len²²/
Gan
- (Nanchang)
  - Wiktionary: lien⁴
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /liɛn³⁵/
Hakka
- (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Neipu)
  - Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: lièn
  - Hakka Romanization System: lien^ˇ
  - Hagfa Pinyim: lian²
  - Sinological IPA: /li̯en¹¹/
- (Meixian)
  - Guangdong: lin²
  - Sinological IPA: /lin¹¹/
- (Hailu, incl. Zhudong)
  - Hakka Romanization System: lien
  - Sinological IPA: /lien⁵⁵/
Jin
- (Taiyuan)⁺
  - Wiktionary: lie¹
  - Sinological IPA (old-style): /lie¹¹/
Northern Min
- (Jian'ou)
  - Kienning Colloquial Romanized: lǐng
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /liŋ²¹/
Eastern Min
- (Fuzhou)
  - Bàng-uâ-cê: lèng / lìng
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /l̃ɛiŋ⁵³/, /l̃iŋ⁵³/
Southern Min
- (Hokkien)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: lîn / liân
  - Tâi-lô: lîn / liân
  - Phofsit Daibuun: liin, lieen
  - IPA (Xiamen): /lin²⁴/, /liɛn²⁴/
  - IPA (Quanzhou): /lin²⁴/, /liɛn²⁴/
  - IPA (Zhangzhou): /lin¹³/, /liɛn¹³/
  - IPA (Taipei): /lin²⁴/, /liɛn²⁴/
  - IPA (Kaohsiung): /lin²³/, /liɛn²³/

Note:

lîn - vernacular;
liân - literary.

(Teochew)
- Peng'im: liang⁵ / liêng⁵
- Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: liâng / liêng
- Sinological IPA ^(key): /liaŋ⁵⁵/, /lieŋ⁵⁵/

Note:

liang5 - Shantou;
liêng5 - Chaozhou.

Wu
- (Northern: Shanghai)
  - Wugniu: ⁶li
  - MiniDict: li^去
  - Wiktionary Romanisation (Shanghai): ³li
  - Sinological IPA (Shanghai): /li²³/
Xiang
- (Changsha)
  - Wiktionary: lienn²
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /li̯ẽ¹³/

Middle Chinese: len

Rime
Character	憐
Reading #	1/1
Initial (聲)	來 (37)
Final (韻)	先 (85)
Tone (調)	Level (Ø)
Openness (開合)	Open
Division (等)	IV
Fanqie	落賢切
Baxter	len
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang Shangfang	/len/
Pan Wuyun	/len/
Shao Rongfen	/lɛn/
Edwin Pulleyblank	/lɛn/
Li Rong	/len/
Wang Li	/lien/
Bernhard Karlgren	/lien/
Expected Mandarin Reflex	lián
Expected Cantonese Reflex	lin⁴

Old Chinese
(Baxter–Sagart): /*rˤiŋ/

(Zhengzhang): /*riːn/

Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character	憐
Reading #	1/1
Modern Beijing (Pinyin)	lián
Middle Chinese	‹ len ›
Old Chinese	/*rˁiŋ/
English	love; pity
Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. [t] as coda may in fact be -t or -p; Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary.

Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character	憐
Reading #	1/1
No.	8193
Phonetic component	粦
Rime group	眞
Rime subdivision	1
Corresponding MC rime	蓮
Old Chinese	/*riːn/

Definitions

憐

to pity; to sympathize
Synonym: 憐憫 / 怜悯 (liánmǐn)
to love tenderly

Compounds

乞哀告憐 / 乞哀告怜 (qǐ'āigàolián)
乞憐 / 乞怜 (qǐlián)
乞憐搖尾 / 乞怜摇尾
可人憐 / 可人怜
可憐 / 可怜 (kělián)
可憐代 / 可怜代
可憐生 / 可怜生
可憐蟲 / 可怜虫 (kěliánchóng)
可憐見 / 可怜见 (kěliánjiàn)
吐憐涎 / 吐怜涎
同病相憐 / 同病相怜 (tóngbìngxiānglián)
哀憐 / 哀怜 (āilián)
垂憐 / 垂怜 (chuílián)
天可憐見 / 天可怜见
怯憐戶 / 怯怜户
恤老憐貧 / 恤老怜贫
惡憐 / 恶怜
悲憐 / 悲怜
惜玉憐香 / 惜玉怜香
惜老憐貧 / 惜老怜贫
惜香憐玉 / 惜香怜玉
惹人憐愛 / 惹人怜爱 (rěrénlián'ài)
愛憐 / 爱怜 (àilián)
愛老憐貧 / 爱老怜贫
憐孤惜寡 / 怜孤惜寡
憐恤 / 怜恤 (liánxù)
憐惜 / 怜惜 (liánxī)
憐愍 / 怜愍 (liánmǐn)
憐愛 / 怜爱 (lián'ài)
憐憫 / 怜悯 (liánmǐn)
憐才 / 怜才
憐新棄舊 / 怜新弃旧
憐春 / 怜春
憐貧恤老 / 怜贫恤老
憐貧恤苦 / 怜贫恤苦
憐貧惜老 / 怜贫惜老
憐貧敬老 / 怜贫敬老
憐鑒 / 怜鉴
憐香 / 怜香
憐香惜玉 / 怜香惜玉 (liánxiāngxīyù)
我見猶憐 / 我见犹怜
搖尾乞憐 / 摇尾乞怜 (yáowěi qǐlián)
敬老憐貧 / 敬老怜贫
棄舊憐新 / 弃旧怜新
楚楚可憐 / 楚楚可怜 (chǔchǔkělián)
濟苦憐貧 / 济苦怜贫
自憐 / 自怜 (zìlián)
見憐 / 见怜 (jiànlián)
顧影自憐 / 顾影自怜

Japanese

Kanji

憐

(Jinmeiyō kanji)

Readings

Go-on: れん (ren)
Kan-on: れん (ren)
Kun: あわれむ (awaremu, 憐れむ)、あわれみ (awaremi, 憐れみ)

Korean

Hanja

憐 (eumhun 불쌍히 여길 련 (bulssanghi yeogil ryeon), word-initial (South Korea) 불쌍히 여길 연 (bulssanghi yeogil yeon))

hanja form^? of 련/연 (“pity, sympathize”)

Vietnamese

Han character

憐: Hán Nôm readings: lân, liên

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