暴虐

Chinese

		sudden; violent; cruel sudden; violent; cruel; to show or expose; to injure	oppressive; tyrannical
trad. (暴虐)		暴	虐
simp. ^#(暴虐)		暴	虐

Pronunciation

Mandarin
(Pinyin): bàonüè

(Zhuyin): ㄅㄠˋ ㄋㄩㄝˋ
Cantonese (Jyutping): bou⁶ joek⁶
Southern Min (Hokkien, POJ): pō-lio̍k

Mandarin
- (Standard Chinese)⁺
  - Hanyu Pinyin: bàonüè
  - Zhuyin: ㄅㄠˋ ㄋㄩㄝˋ
  - Tongyong Pinyin: bàonyuè
  - Wade–Giles: pao⁴-nüeh⁴
  - Yale: bàu-nywè
  - Gwoyeu Romatzyh: bawniueh
  - Palladius: баонюэ (baonjue)
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /pɑʊ̯⁵¹⁻⁵³ ny̯ɛ⁵¹/
Cantonese
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)⁺
  - Jyutping: bou⁶ joek⁶
  - Yale: bouh yeuhk
  - Cantonese Pinyin: bou⁶ joek⁹
  - Guangdong Romanization: bou⁶ yêg⁶
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /pou̯²² jœːk̚²/
Southern Min
- (Hokkien)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: pō-lio̍k
  - Tâi-lô: pō-lio̍k
  - Phofsit Daibuun: poixliok
  - IPA (Xiamen): /po²²⁻²¹ liɔk̚⁴/
  - IPA (Quanzhou): /po⁴¹⁻²² liɔk̚²⁴/
  - IPA (Zhangzhou): /po²²⁻²¹ liɔk̚¹²¹/
  - IPA (Taipei): /po³³⁻¹¹ liɔk̚⁴/
  - IPA (Kaohsiung): /pɤ³³⁻²¹ liɔk̚⁴/

Middle Chinese: bawH ngjak

Rime
Character	暴	虐
Reading #	1/2	1/1
Initial (聲)	並 (3)	疑 (31)
Final (韻)	豪 (89)	藥 (107)
Tone (調)	Departing (H)	Checked (Ø)
Openness (開合)	Open	Open
Division (等)	I	III
Fanqie	薄報切	魚約切
Baxter	bawH	ngjak
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang Shangfang	/bɑu^H/	/ŋɨɐk̚/
Pan Wuyun	/bɑu^H/	/ŋiɐk̚/
Shao Rongfen	/bɑu^H/	/ŋiɑk̚/
Edwin Pulleyblank	/baw^H/	/ŋɨak̚/
Li Rong	/bɑu^H/	/ŋiak̚/
Wang Li	/bɑu^H/	/ŋĭak̚/
Bernhard Karlgren	/bʱɑu^H/	/ŋi̯ak̚/
Expected Mandarin Reflex	bào	yuè
Expected Cantonese Reflex	bou⁶	joek⁶

Old Chinese
(Baxter–Sagart): /*[b]ˤawk-s [ŋ](r)awk/

(Zhengzhang): /*boːwɢs ŋawɢ/

Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character	暴	虐
Reading #	1/2	1/1
Modern Beijing (Pinyin)	bào	nüè
Middle Chinese	‹ baw^H ›	‹ ngjak ›
Old Chinese	/*[b]ˁawk-s/	/*[ŋ](r)awk/
English	violent	cruel
Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. [t] as coda may in fact be -t or -p; Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary.

Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character	暴	虐
Reading #	1/2	1/1
No.	330	9636
Phonetic component	暴	虐
Rime group	貌	藥
Rime subdivision	3	1
Corresponding MC rime	暴	虐
Old Chinese	/*boːwɢs/	/*ŋawɢ/

Adjective

暴虐

brutal; tyrannical
- 商紂暴虐，鼎遷於周。 [Traditional Chinese poetry, trad.]
  商纣暴虐，鼎迁于周。 [Traditional Chinese poetry, simp.]
  From: Commentary of Zuo, c. 4^th century BCE
  Shāng Zhòu bàonüè, dǐng qiān yú Zhōu. [Pinyin]
  (please add an English translation of this usage example)

Synonyms

edit

兇惡 / 凶恶 (xiōng'è)
兇殘 / 凶残 (xiōngcán)
兇狠 / 凶狠 (xiōnghěn)
兇猛 / 凶猛 (xiōngměng)
兇險 / 凶险 (xiōngxiǎn)
凶暴 (xiōngbào)
厲害 / 厉害 (lìhài)
嚴酷 / 严酷 (yánkù)
強暴 / 强暴 (qiángbào)
忍 (rěn) (literary)
惡勢 / 恶势 (Xiamen Hokkien)
惡毒 / 恶毒 (èdú)
惡狠狠 / 恶狠狠 (èhěnhěn)
慘 / 惨 (cǎn) (literary, or in compounds)
暴力 (bàolì)
暴戾 (bàolì) (literary)
暴躁 (bàozào)
橫逆 / 横逆 (Xiamen Hokkien, Zhangzhou Hokkien, Taiwanese Hokkien)
殘 / 残 (cán) (literary, or in compounds)
殘忍 / 残忍 (cánrěn)
殘暴 / 残暴 (cánbào)
殘酷 / 残酷 (cánkù)
毒辣 (dúlà)
烏心 / 乌心 (Min Nan)
狠心 (hěnxīn)
狠毒 (hěndú)
狠狠 (hěnhěn)
猙獰 / 狰狞 (zhēngníng)
粗殘 / 粗残 (Xiamen Hokkien)
辣 (là)
酷烈 (kùliè)
野蠻 / 野蛮 (yěmán)
陰功 / 阴功 (jam¹ gung¹) (Cantonese)
險惡 / 险恶 (xiǎn'è)
黑心 (hēixīn)

Verb

暴虐

(literary) to treat brutally; to maltreat

Descendants

Sino-Xenic (暴虐):

→ Japanese: 暴(ぼう)虐(ぎゃく) (bōgyaku)
→ Korean: 포학(暴虐) (pohak)
→ Vietnamese: bạo ngược (暴虐)

Japanese

Kanji in this term
暴	虐
ぼう Grade: 5	ぎゃく Grade: S
goon	on'yomi

Pronunciation

(Tokyo) ぼーぎゃく [bòógyákú] (Heiban – [0])^[1]^[2]^[3]
IPA^(key): [bo̞ːɡʲa̠kɯ̟]

Adjective

暴(ぼう)虐(ぎゃく) • (bōgyaku) ^{←ぼうぎやく (bougyaku)^?}-na (adnominal 暴(ぼう)虐(ぎゃく)な (bōgyaku na), adverbial 暴(ぼう)虐(ぎゃく)に (bōgyaku ni))

brutal; tyrannical
- 1951, Tetsuro Watsuji, Sakoku: Nihon no higeki‎^[1]:
  
  征(せい)服(ふく)者(しゃ)たちがペルーに於(おい)て行(おこな)った暴(ぼう)虐(ぎゃく)行(こう)為(い)は実(じつ)に人(じん)類(るい)の歴(れき)史(し)を通(つう)じて稀(け)有(う)なものであるが、 […]
  Seifukusha-tachi ga Perū ni oite okonatta bōgyaku kōi wa jitsu ni jinrui no rekishi o tsūjite keu na mono de aru ga, […]
  The brutal act the conquerors did in Peru was indeed a rare case through the human history, but […]

Inflection

Inflection of 暴虐

Stem forms
Imperfective (未然形)	暴虐だろ	ぼうぎゃくだろ	bōgyaku daro
Continuative (連用形)	暴虐で	ぼうぎゃくで	bōgyaku de
Terminal (終止形)	暴虐だ	ぼうぎゃくだ	bōgyaku da
Attributive (連体形)	暴虐な	ぼうぎゃくな	bōgyaku na
Hypothetical (仮定形)	暴虐なら	ぼうぎゃくなら	bōgyaku nara
Imperative (命令形)	暴虐であれ	ぼうぎゃくであれ	bōgyaku de are
Key constructions
Informal negative	暴虐ではない暴虐じゃない	ぼうぎゃくではないぼうぎゃくじゃない	bōgyaku de wa nai bōgyaku ja nai
Informal past	暴虐だった	ぼうぎゃくだった	bōgyaku datta
Informal negative past	暴虐ではなかった暴虐じゃなかった	ぼうぎゃくではなかったぼうぎゃくじゃなかった	bōgyaku de wa nakatta bōgyaku ja nakatta
Formal	暴虐です	ぼうぎゃくです	bōgyaku desu
Formal negative	暴虐ではありません暴虐じゃありません	ぼうぎゃくではありませんぼうぎゃくじゃありません	bōgyaku de wa arimasen bōgyaku ja arimasen
Formal past	暴虐でした	ぼうぎゃくでした	bōgyaku deshita
Formal negative past	暴虐ではありませんでした暴虐じゃありませんでした	ぼうぎゃくではありませんでしたぼうぎゃくじゃありませんでした	bōgyaku de wa arimasen deshita bōgyaku ja arimasen deshita
Conjunctive	暴虐で	ぼうぎゃくで	bōgyaku de
Conditional	暴虐なら（ば）	ぼうぎゃくなら（ば）	bōgyaku nara (ba)
Provisional	暴虐だったら	ぼうぎゃくだったら	bōgyaku dattara
Volitional	暴虐だろう	ぼうぎゃくだろう	bōgyaku darō
Adverbial	暴虐に	ぼうぎゃくに	bōgyaku ni
Degree	暴虐さ	ぼうぎゃくさ	bōgyakusa

Noun

暴(ぼう)虐(ぎゃく) • (bōgyaku) ^{←ぼうぎやく (bougyaku)^?}

brutality; tyranny

References

^ Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 [Daijirin] (in Japanese), Third edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN
^ NHK Broadcasting Culture Research Institute, editor (1998), NHK日本語発音アクセント辞典 [NHK Japanese Pronunciation Accent Dictionary] (in Japanese), Tokyo: NHK Publishing, Inc., →ISBN
^ Yamada, Tadao et al., editors (2011), 新明解国語辞典 [Shin Meikai Kokugo Jiten] (in Japanese), Seventh edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN

Korean

Hanja in this term
暴	虐

Noun

暴虐 • (pohak) (hangeul 포학)

hanja form^? of 포학 (“tyranny; atrocity”)

Vietnamese

chữ Hán Nôm in this term
暴	虐

Adjective

暴虐

chữ Hán form of bạo ngược (“cruel; brutal; tyrannical”)

[DJR-1] Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 [Daijirin] (in Japanese), Third edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN

[NHK-2] NHK Broadcasting Culture Research Institute, editor (1998), NHK日本語発音アクセント辞典 [NHK Japanese Pronunciation Accent Dictionary] (in Japanese), Tokyo: NHK Publishing, Inc., →ISBN

[SMK7-3] Yamada, Tadao et al., editors (2011), 新明解国語辞典 [Shin Meikai Kokugo Jiten] (in Japanese), Seventh edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN

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