灌

See also: 潅

灌	U+704C, 灌 CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-704C

← 灋
[U+704B]

CJK Unified Ideographs

灍 →
[U+704D]

Translingual

Han character

灌 (Kangxi radical 85, 水+18 in traditional Chinese and Korean, 水+17 in mainland China and Japanese, 21 strokes in traditional Chinese and Korean, 20 strokes in mainland China and Japanese, cangjie input 水廿口土 (ETRG), four-corner 3411₄, composition ⿰氵雚)

Derived characters

𪈸, 𫕷

References

Kangxi Dictionary: page 662, character 35
Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 18759
Dae Jaweon: page 1071, character 30
Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 3, page 1786, character 13
Unihan data for U+704C

Chinese

trad.		灌
simp. ^#		灌
2nd round simp.		浂

Glyph origin

Characters in the same phonetic series (雚) (Zhengzhang, 2003)

	Old Chinese
觀	koːn, koːns
灌	*koːns
鸛	*koːns
瓘	*koːns
矔	koːns, kroːns
懽	koːns, qʰoːn
爟	*koːns
雚	*koːns
罐	*koːns
鑵	*koːns
歡	*qʰoːn
驩	*qʰoːn
貛	*qʰoːn
酄	*qʰoːn
獾	*qʰoːn
讙	qʰoːn, qʰon
嚾	*qʰoːns
權	*ɡron
顴	*ɡron
孉	*ɡron
蠸	*ɡron
虇	kʰonʔ, kʰons
勸	*kʰons

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 / 形声, OC *koːns): semantic 水 (“water”) + phonetic 雚 (OC *koːns).

Pronunciation

Mandarin
(Pinyin): guàn (guan⁴)

(Zhuyin): ㄍㄨㄢˋ
Cantonese (Jyutping): gun³
Hakka (Sixian, PFS): kon
Northern Min (KCR): go̤̿ng
Eastern Min (BUC): guáng
Puxian Min (Pouseng Ping'ing): guang⁴ / guong⁴
Southern Min
(Hokkien, POJ): koàn

(Teochew, Peng'im): guang³ / guêng³

Mandarin
- (Standard Chinese)⁺
  - Hanyu Pinyin: guàn
  - Zhuyin: ㄍㄨㄢˋ
  - Tongyong Pinyin: guàn
  - Wade–Giles: kuan⁴
  - Yale: gwàn
  - Gwoyeu Romatzyh: guann
  - Palladius: гуань (guanʹ)
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /ku̯än⁵¹/
Cantonese
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
  - Jyutping: gun³
  - Yale: gun
  - Cantonese Pinyin: gun³
  - Guangdong Romanization: gun³
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /kuːn³³/
Hakka
- (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Neipu)
  - Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: kon
  - Hakka Romanization System: gon
  - Hagfa Pinyim: gon⁴
  - Sinological IPA: /kon⁵⁵/
Northern Min
- (Jian'ou)
  - Kienning Colloquial Romanized: go̤̿ng
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /kɔŋ³³/
Eastern Min
- (Fuzhou)
  - Bàng-uâ-cê: guáng
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /kuɑŋ²¹³/
Puxian Min
- (Putian)
  - Pouseng Ping'ing: guang⁴
  - Báⁿ-uā-ci̍: gua̍ng
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /kuaŋ⁴²/
- (Xianyou)
  - Pouseng Ping'ing: guong⁴
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /kuoŋ⁴²/
Southern Min
- (Hokkien)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: koàn
  - Tâi-lô: kuàn
  - Phofsit Daibuun: koaxn
  - IPA (Xiamen): /kuan²¹/
  - IPA (Quanzhou): /kuan⁴¹/
  - IPA (Zhangzhou): /kuan²¹/
  - IPA (Taipei): /kuan¹¹/
  - IPA (Kaohsiung): /kuan²¹/
- (Teochew)
  - Peng'im: guang³ / guêng³
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: kuàng / kuèng
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /kuaŋ²¹³/, /kueŋ²¹³/

Note:

guang3 - Shantou;
guêng3 - Chaozhou.

Middle Chinese: kwanH

Rime
Character	灌
Reading #	1/1
Initial (聲)	見 (28)
Final (韻)	桓 (62)
Tone (調)	Departing (H)
Openness (開合)	Closed
Division (等)	I
Fanqie	古玩切
Baxter	kwanH
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang Shangfang	/kuɑn^H/
Pan Wuyun	/kʷɑn^H/
Shao Rongfen	/kuɑn^H/
Edwin Pulleyblank	/kwan^H/
Li Rong	/kuɑn^H/
Wang Li	/kuɑn^H/
Bernhard Karlgren	/kuɑn^H/
Expected Mandarin Reflex	guàn
Expected Cantonese Reflex	gun³

Old Chinese
(Baxter–Sagart): /*[C.qʷ]ˤar-s/

(Zhengzhang): /*koːns/

Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character	灌
Reading #	1/1
Modern Beijing (Pinyin)	guàn
Middle Chinese	‹ kwan^H ›
Old Chinese	/*[C.qʷ]ˁar-s/
English	pour, drip
Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. [t] as coda may in fact be -t or -p; Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary.

Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character	灌
Reading #	1/1
No.	4478
Phonetic component	雚
Rime group	元
Rime subdivision	3
Corresponding MC rime	貫
Old Chinese	/*koːns/

Definitions

灌

to fill (with liquid); to pour
to irrigate; to water
to record (music)
灌唱片 ― guàn chàngpiàn ― to make a record
(Taiwan) to install (software)
重灌軟體／重灌软体 ― zhòngguàn ruǎntǐ ― to reinstall software

Synonyms

(to irrigate):

edit

浸灌 (jìnguàn)
澆灌 / 浇灌 (jiāoguàn)
灌溉 (guàngài)

Compounds

倒灌 (dàoguàn)
冬灌
半灌木
叢灌 / 丛灌
噴灑灌溉 / 喷洒灌溉
如湯灌雪 / 如汤灌雪
如雷灌耳 (rúléiguàněr)
抱甕灌圃 / 抱瓮灌圃
排灌
提灌
春灌
海水倒灌
淹灌
溝灌 / 沟灌 (gōuguàn)
漫灌
潛灌 / 潜灌
澆灌 / 浇灌 (jiāoguàn)
灌區 / 灌区
灌口二郎
灌唱片
灌園食力 / 灌园食力
灌夫罵坐 / 灌夫骂坐
灌救
灌木 (guànmù)
灌水 (guànshuǐ)
灌注 (guànzhù)
灌注器 (guànzhùqì)
灌溉 (guàngài)
灌溉工程
灌溉渠
灌滌 / 灌涤
灌漿 / 灌浆 (guànjiāng)
灌灌
灌瓜之義 / 灌瓜之义
灌籃 / 灌篮 (guànlán)
灌精兒 / 灌精儿
灌腸 / 灌肠
灌膿 / 灌脓
灌輸 / 灌输 (guànshū)
灌迷湯 / 灌迷汤
灌酒
灌醉 (guànzuì)
灌錄 / 灌录 (guànlù)
灌音
灌頂 / 灌顶 (guàndǐng)
灌香腸 / 灌香肠
灌黃湯 / 灌黄汤
畦溝灌溉 / 畦沟灌溉
盤灌法 / 盘灌法
絳灌 / 绛灌
罵坐灌夫 / 骂坐灌夫
自流灌溉
莽灌夫
負壺灌區 / 负壶灌区
輪流灌溉 / 轮流灌溉
醍醐灌頂 / 醍醐灌顶 (tíhúguàndǐng)
錄灌 / 录灌

References

“灌”, in 漢語多功能字庫 (Multi-function Chinese Character Database)‎^[1], 香港中文大學 (the Chinese University of Hong Kong), 2014–
William Campbell (1913) A dictionary of the Amoy vernacular spoken throughout the prefectures of Chin-Chiu, Chiang-Chiu and Formosa (in Hokkien), 8th edition, Tainan: Taiwan Church Press, published 1961, →OCLC, page 351.
莆田市荔城区档案馆 [Putian City Licheng District Archives], editor (2022), “灌”, in 莆仙方言文读字汇 [Puxian Dialect Literary Reading Dictionary] (overall work in Mandarin and Puxian Min), page 81.

Japanese

Shinjitai (extended)	潅
Print standard	灌

Kanji

灌

(Hyōgai kanji, kyūjitai kanji, shinjitai form 潅)

to pour

Readings

Go-on: かん (kan)^{←くわん (kwan, historical)}、がん (gan)^{←ぐわん (gwan, historical)}
Kan-on: かん (kan)^{←くわん (kwan, historical)}
Kun: そそぐ (sosogu, 灌ぐ)

Compounds

灌(かん)域(いき) (kan'iki)
灌(かん)園(えん) (kan'en)
灌(かん)漑(がい) (kangai)
灌(かん)灌(かん) (kankan)
灌(かん)所(じょ) (kanjo)
灌(かん)頂(じょう) (kanjō)
灌(かん)寖(しん), 灌(かん)浸(しん) (kanshin)
灌(かん)水(すい) (kansui)
灌(かん)注(ちゅう) (kanchū)
灌(かん)腸(ちょう) (kanchō) (浣(かん)腸(ちょう))
灌(かん)頂(ちょう) (kanchō)
灌(かん)田(でん) (kanden)
灌(かん)仏(ぶつ) (kanbutsu)
灌(かん)仏(ぶつ)会(え) (kanbutsue)
灌(かん)木(ぼく) (kanboku)
灌(かん)莽(もう) (kanmō)
灌(かん)沐(もく) (kanmoku)
灌(かん)輸(ゆ) (kan'yu)
灌(かん)沃(よく) (kan'yoku)
漑(がい)灌(かん) (gaikan)
澆(ぎょう)灌(かん) (gyōkan)
浸(しん)灌(かん) (shinkan)
沃(よっ)灌(かん) (yokkan)

Korean

Hanja

灌 • (gwan) (hangeul 관)

Vietnamese

Han character

灌: Hán Nôm readings: quán

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