瑪瑙

See also: 玛瑙 and 玛𰡻

Chinese


trad. (瑪瑙)	瑪	瑙
simp. (玛瑙)	玛	瑙
nonstandard simp.	玛𰡻
alternative forms	碼碯／码碯碼瑙／码瑙馬瑙／马瑙馬腦／马脑

Etymology

From earlier 馬腦 (mǎnǎo, “horse's brain”), as a (probably mistranslated) calque of Sanskrit अश्मगर्भ (aśmagarbha, “gemstone”, literally “stone + [womb, fetus, or kernel]”) from translated Buddhist texts. Could be a mistranslation, since “horse” in Sanskrit is अश्व (aśva).

Compare Tibetan རྟ་ཀླད (rta klad, “agate”, literally “horse + brain”), said to be a Chinese calque, which is later semantically regularised into རྡོ་ཀླད (rdo klad, “agate”, literally “stone + brain”).

Pronunciation

Mandarin
(Pinyin): mǎnǎo

(Zhuyin): ㄇㄚˇ ㄋㄠˇ
Cantonese (Jyutping): maa⁵ nou⁵
Hakka (Sixian, PFS): mâ-nó
Eastern Min (BUC): mā-nō̤
Southern Min
(Hokkien, POJ): má-ló / má-nó͘ / bé-ló / bée-ló

(Teochew, Peng'im): ma² nao²
Wu (Shanghai, Wugniu): ⁶mo-nau

Mandarin
- (Standard Chinese)⁺
  - Hanyu Pinyin: mǎnǎo [Phonetic: mánǎo]
  - Zhuyin: ㄇㄚˇ ㄋㄠˇ
  - Tongyong Pinyin: mǎnǎo
  - Wade–Giles: ma³-nao³
  - Yale: mǎ-nǎu
  - Gwoyeu Romatzyh: maanao
  - Palladius: манао (manao)
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /mä²¹⁴⁻³⁵ nɑʊ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/
Cantonese
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)⁺
  - Jyutping: maa⁵ nou⁵
  - Yale: máh nóuh
  - Cantonese Pinyin: maa⁵ nou⁵
  - Guangdong Romanization: ma⁵ nou⁵
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /maː¹³ nou̯¹³/
Hakka
- (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Neipu)
  - Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: mâ-nó
  - Hakka Romanization System: ma^ˊ no^ˋ
  - Hagfa Pinyim: ma¹ no³
  - Sinological IPA: /ma²⁴ no³¹/
Eastern Min
- (Fuzhou)
  - Bàng-uâ-cê: mā-nō̤
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /ma³³⁻³⁵ nˡo³³/
Southern Min
- (Hokkien: Xiamen)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: má-ló
  - Tâi-lô: má-ló
  - Phofsit Daibuun: mafloir
  - IPA (Xiamen): /mã⁵³⁻⁴⁴ lo⁵³/
- (Hokkien: Quanzhou)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: má-nó͘
  - Tâi-lô: má-nóo
  - Phofsit Daibuun: mafnor
  - IPA (Quanzhou): /mã⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ nɔ̃⁵⁵⁴/
- (Hokkien: Quanzhou, General Taiwanese)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: bé-ló
  - Tâi-lô: bé-ló
  - Phofsit Daibuun: befloir
  - IPA (Quanzhou): /be⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ lo⁵⁵⁴/
  - IPA (Taipei): /be⁵³⁻⁴⁴ lo⁵³/
  - IPA (Kaohsiung): /be⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ lɤ⁴¹/
- (Hokkien: Zhangzhou)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: bée-ló
  - Tâi-lô: bée-ló
  - IPA (Zhangzhou): /bɛ⁵³⁻⁴⁴ lo⁵³/
- (Teochew)
  - Peng'im: ma² nao²
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: má náu
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /ma⁵²⁻³⁵ nau⁵²⁻²¹/
Wu
- (Northern: Shanghai)
  - Wugniu: ⁶mo-nau
  - MiniDict: mo^去 nau
  - Wiktionary Romanisation (Shanghai): ³mo-nau
  - Sinological IPA (Shanghai): /mo²² nɔ⁴⁴/

Middle Chinese: maeX nawX

Rime
Character	瑪	瑙
Reading #	1/1	1/1
Initial (聲)	明 (4)	泥 (8)
Final (韻)	麻 (98)	豪 (89)
Tone (調)	Rising (X)	Rising (X)
Openness (開合)	Open	Open
Division (等)	II	I
Fanqie	莫下切	奴晧切
Baxter	maeX	nawX
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang Shangfang	/mˠa^X/	/nɑu^X/
Pan Wuyun	/mᵚa^X/	/nɑu^X/
Shao Rongfen	/ma^X/	/nɑu^X/
Edwin Pulleyblank	/maɨ^X/	/naw^X/
Li Rong	/ma^X/	/nɑu^X/
Wang Li	/ma^X/	/nɑu^X/
Bernhard Karlgren	/ma^X/	/nɑu^X/
Expected Mandarin Reflex	mǎ	nǎo
Expected Cantonese Reflex	maa⁵	nou⁵

Old Chinese
(Zhengzhang): /*mraːʔ nuːʔ/

Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character	瑪	瑙
Reading #	1/1	1/1
No.	8720	9372
Phonetic component	馬	匘
Rime group	魚	幽
Rime subdivision	0	1
Corresponding MC rime	馬	堖
Old Chinese	/*mraːʔ/	/*nuːʔ/
Notes	古作馬	同碯見漢王粲賦

Noun

瑪瑙

(mineralogy) agate

Derived terms

瑪瑙紋 / 玛瑙纹
瑪瑙螺 / 玛瑙螺 (mǎnǎo luó)
紅瑪瑙 / 红玛瑙 (hóngmǎnǎo)
縞瑪瑙 / 缟玛瑙 (gǎomǎnǎo)

Descendants

Sino-Xenic (瑪瑙):

→ Japanese: 瑪(め)瑙(のう) (menō)
→ Korean: 마노(瑪瑙) (mano)
→ Vietnamese: mã não (瑪瑙)

Japanese

Kanji in this term
瑪	瑙
め Hyōgai	のう Hyōgai
goon

Alternative spelling
馬瑙 (rare)

Etymology

/menau/ → /menɔː/ → /menoː/

First attested in the Nihon Shoki (720 CE).^[1]

From Middle Chinese 瑪瑙 (MC maeX nawX).

Pronunciation

(Tokyo) めのー [méꜜnòò] (Atamadaka – [1])^[2]
(Tokyo) めのー [mènóó] (Heiban – [0])^[2]
(Tokyo) めのー [mènóꜜò] (Nakadaka – [2])^[2]
IPA^(key): [me̞no̞ː]

Noun

瑪(め)瑙(のう) or 瑪瑙(メノウ) • (menō) ^{←めなう (menau) or メナウ (menau)^?}

(mineralogy) an agate

Derived terms

苔(こけ)瑪(め)瑙(のう) (koke menō, “moss agate”)
縞(しま)瑪(め)瑙(のう) (shima-menō, “onyx, sardonyx”)

Proper noun

瑪(め)瑙(のう) • (Menō) ^{←めなう (Menau)^?}

a female given name

References

^ Shōgaku Tosho (1988) 国語大辞典（新装版） [Unabridged Dictionary of Japanese (Revised Edition)] (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Shogakukan, →ISBN
↑ ^2.0 ^2.1 ^2.2 Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 [Daijirin] (in Japanese), Third edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN

Korean

Hanja in this term
瑪	瑙

Noun

瑪瑙 • (mano) (hangeul 마노)

hanja form^? of 마노 (“agate”)

Vietnamese

chữ Hán Nôm in this term
瑪	瑙

Noun

瑪瑙

chữ Hán form of mã não (“agate”)

[1] Shōgaku Tosho (1988) 国語大辞典（新装版） [Unabridged Dictionary of Japanese (Revised Edition)] (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Shogakukan, →ISBN

[DJR-2] 2.0 ^2.1 ^2.2 Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 [Daijirin] (in Japanese), Third edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN

[1]

[2]