確

See also: 确

確	U+78BA, 確 CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-78BA

← 碹
[U+78B9]

CJK Unified Ideographs

碻 →
[U+78BB]

Translingual

Han character

確 (Kangxi radical 112, 石+10, 15 strokes, cangjie input 一口人月土 (MROBG), four-corner 1461₄, composition ⿰石隺)

Derived characters

𡃜, 𮣞

References

Kangxi Dictionary: page 833, character 31
Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 24366
Dae Jaweon: page 1250, character 20
Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 4, page 2450, character 4
Unihan data for U+78BA

Chinese

trad.		確
simp.		确^*
alternative forms		确碻礭

Glyph origin

Characters in the same phonetic series (寉) (Zhengzhang, 2003)

	Old Chinese
鶴	*ɡloːwɢ
髉	*pqroːwɢ
篧	skroːwɢ, sɡroːwɢ
榷	*kroːwɢ
搉	kroːwɢ, kroːwɢ, *kʰroːwɢ
傕	*kroːwɢ
確	*kʰroːwɢ
寉	*ɡluːwɢ
蒮	*luwɢ

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 / 形声, OC *kʰroːwɢ): semantic 石 (“rock”) + phonetic 寉 (OC *ɡluːwɢ) – rock-solid, as certain as a rock.

Pronunciation

Mandarin
(Standard)
(Pinyin): què (que⁴)

(Zhuyin): ㄑㄩㄝˋ

(Chengdu, Sichuanese Pinyin): quo²
Cantonese
(Guangzhou–Hong Kong, Jyutping): kok³

(Taishan, Wiktionary): kok²
Gan (Wiktionary): koh⁶
Hakka
(Sixian, PFS): khok

(Hailu, HRS): kog

(Meixian, Guangdong): kog⁵
Jin (Wiktionary): qyeh⁴
Northern Min (KCR): kŏ̤
Eastern Min (BUC): káuk
Puxian Min (Pouseng Ping'ing): kah⁶
Southern Min
(Hokkien, POJ): khak

(Teochew, Peng'im): kag⁴

(Leizhou, Leizhou Pinyin): kog⁴
Wu (Shanghai, Wugniu): ⁷chiaq; ⁷khoq
Xiang (Changsha, Wiktionary): ko⁶

Mandarin
- (Standard Chinese)⁺
  - Hanyu Pinyin: què
  - Zhuyin: ㄑㄩㄝˋ
  - Tongyong Pinyin: cyuè
  - Wade–Giles: chʻüeh⁴
  - Yale: chywè
  - Gwoyeu Romatzyh: chiueh
  - Palladius: цюэ (cjue)
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /t͡ɕʰy̯ɛ⁵¹/
- (Chengdu)
  - Sichuanese Pinyin: quo²
  - Scuanxua Ladinxua Xin Wenz: kiuo
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /t͡ɕʰyo²¹/
Cantonese
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
  - Jyutping: kok³
  - Yale: kok
  - Cantonese Pinyin: kok⁸
  - Guangdong Romanization: kog³
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /kʰɔːk̚³/
- (Taishanese, Taicheng)
  - Wiktionary: kok²
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /kʰɔk̚⁵⁵/
Gan
- (Nanchang)
  - Wiktionary: koh⁶
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /kʰɔʔ⁵/
Hakka
- (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Neipu)
  - Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: khok
  - Hakka Romanization System: kog^ˋ
  - Hagfa Pinyim: kog⁵
  - Sinological IPA: /kʰok̚²/
- (Hailu, incl. Zhudong)
  - Hakka Romanization System: kog
  - Sinological IPA: /kʰok⁵/
- (Meixian)
  - Guangdong: kog⁵
  - Sinological IPA: /kʰɔk̚¹/
Jin
- (Taiyuan)⁺
  - Wiktionary: qyeh⁴
  - Sinological IPA (old-style): /t͡ɕʰyəʔ²/
Northern Min
- (Jian'ou)
  - Kienning Colloquial Romanized: kŏ̤
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /kʰɔ²⁴/
Eastern Min
- (Fuzhou)
  - Bàng-uâ-cê: káuk
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /kʰɑuʔ²⁴/
Puxian Min
- (Putian)
  - Pouseng Ping'ing: kah⁶
  - Báⁿ-uā-ci̍: kah
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /kʰaʔ²¹/
- (Xianyou)
  - Pouseng Ping'ing: kah⁶
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /kʰaʔ²/
Southern Min
- (Hokkien)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: khak
  - Tâi-lô: khak
  - Phofsit Daibuun: qag
  - IPA (Xiamen): /kʰak̚³²/
  - IPA (Quanzhou): /kʰak̚⁵/
  - IPA (Zhangzhou): /kʰak̚³²/
  - IPA (Taipei): /kʰak̚³²/
  - IPA (Kaohsiung): /kʰak̚³²/
- (Teochew)
  - Peng'im: kag⁴
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: khak
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /kʰak̚²/
- (Leizhou)
  - Leizhou Pinyin: kog⁴
  - Sinological IPA: /kʰɔk̚⁵/
Wu
- (Northern: Shanghai)
  - Wugniu: ⁷chiaq; ⁷khoq
  - MiniDict: chiah^入; khoh^入
  - Wiktionary Romanisation (Shanghai): ⁴qiaq; ⁴khoq
  - Sinological IPA (Shanghai): /t͡ɕʰiaʔ⁵⁵/, /kʰoʔ⁵⁵/
Xiang
- (Changsha)
  - Wiktionary: ko⁶
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /kʰo²⁴/

Dialectal data

Variety	Location	edit 確
Mandarin	Beijing	/t͡ɕʰyɛ⁵¹/
	Harbin	/t͡ɕʰyɛ⁵³/
	Tianjin	/t͡ɕʰye⁵³/
	Jinan	/t͡ɕʰyə²¹³/
	Qingdao	/t͡ɕʰyə⁵⁵/
	Zhengzhou	/t͡ɕʰyo²⁴/
	Xi'an	/t͡ɕʰyo⁵³/
	Xining	/t͡ɕʰyu⁵³/
	Yinchuan	/t͡ɕʰye¹³/
	Lanzhou	/t͡ɕʰyə¹³/
	Ürümqi	/t͡ɕʰyɤ²¹³/
	Wuhan	/t͡ɕʰio²¹³/
	Chengdu	/t͡ɕʰyo³¹/
	Guiyang	/t͡ɕʰio²¹/
	Kunming	/t͡ɕʰio³¹/
	Nanjing	/t͡ɕʰioʔ⁵/
	Hefei	/t͡ɕʰyɐʔ⁵/
Jin	Taiyuan	/t͡ɕʰyəʔ²/
	Pingyao	/t͡ɕʰiʌʔ¹³/
	Hohhot	/t͡ɕʰyaʔ⁴³/
Wu	Shanghai	/t͡ɕʰioʔ⁵/ /t͡ɕʰyɪʔ⁵/
	Suzhou	/t͡ɕʰioʔ⁵/
	Hangzhou	/kʰoʔ⁵/ /t͡ɕʰioʔ⁵/
	Wenzhou	/kʰo²¹³/
Hui	Shexian	/kʰɔʔ²¹/
Hui	Tunxi	/kʰo⁵/
Xiang	Changsha	/kʰo²⁴/
Xiang	Xiangtan	/kʰo²⁴/
Gan	Nanchang	/kʰɔʔ⁵/
Hakka	Meixian	/kʰok̚¹/
Hakka	Taoyuan	/kʰok̚²²/
Cantonese	Guangzhou	/kʰɔk̚³/
	Nanning	/kʰɔk̚³³/
	Hong Kong	/kʰɔk̚³/
Min	Xiamen (Hokkien)	/kʰak̚³²/
	Fuzhou (Eastern Min)	/kʰɔuʔ²³/
	Jian'ou (Northern Min)	/kʰɔ²⁴/
	Shantou (Teochew)	/kʰak̚²/
	Haikou (Hainanese)	/xɔk̚⁵/

Middle Chinese: khaewk

Rime
Character	確
Reading #	1/1
Initial (聲)	溪 (29)
Final (韻)	覺 (10)
Tone (調)	Checked (Ø)
Openness (開合)	Open
Division (等)	II
Fanqie	苦角切
Baxter	khaewk
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang Shangfang	/kʰˠʌk̚/
Pan Wuyun	/kʰᵚɔk̚/
Shao Rongfen	/kʰɔk̚/
Edwin Pulleyblank	/kʰaɨwk̚/
Li Rong	/kʰɔk̚/
Wang Li	/kʰɔk̚/
Bernhard Karlgren	/kʰɔk̚/
Expected Mandarin Reflex	que
Expected Cantonese Reflex	hok³

Old Chinese
(Baxter–Sagart): /*[k]ʰˤrawk/

(Zhengzhang): /*kʰroːwɢ/

Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character	確
Reading #	1/1
Modern Beijing (Pinyin)	què
Middle Chinese	‹ khæwk ›
Old Chinese	/*[k]ʰˁrawk/
English	solid, firm
Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. [t] as coda may in fact be -t or -p; Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary.

Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character	確
Reading #	1/1
No.	5100
Phonetic component	寉
Rime group	藥
Rime subdivision	3
Corresponding MC rime	㱿
Old Chinese	/*kʰroːwɢ/

Definitions

確

real; true
消息不確／消息不确 ― xiāoxī bù què ― the information is not true

準確／准确 ― zhǔnquè ― accurate; precise
firm; resolute
確信／确信 ― quèxìn ― to firmly believe
truly; indeed
alternative form of 确 (què, “rocky and barren”)
alternative form of 搉 (què, “to knock; to hit; to beat”)

Compounds

丁一確二 / 丁一确二
不確 / 不确
千真萬確 / 千真万确 (qiānzhēnwànquè)
明確 / 明确 (míngquè)
正確 / 正确 (zhèngquè)
準確 / 准确 (zhǔnquè)
準確度 / 准确度 (zhǔnquèdù)
犖確 / 荦确 (luòquè)
的一確二 / 的一确二
的確 / 的确 (díquè)
真確 / 真确 (zhēnquè)
確乎 / 确乎
確信 / 确信 (quèxìn)
確保 / 确保 (quèbǎo)
確切 / 确切 (quèqiè)
確定 / 确定 (quèdìng)
確定判決 / 确定判决
確定故意 / 确定故意
確實 / 确实 (quèshí)
確有其事 / 确有其事 (quèyǒuqíshì)
確然 / 确然
確當 / 确当
確知 / 确知
確立 / 确立 (quèlì)
確診 / 确诊 (quèzhěn)
確認 / 确认 (quèrèn)
確論 / 确论
確證 / 确证 (quèzhèng)
確鑿 / 确凿 (quèzáo)
精確 / 精确 (jīngquè)
詳確 / 详确

Japanese

Kanji

確

(Fifth grade kyōiku kanji)

certain

Readings

Go-on: かく (kaku, Jōyō)
Kan-on: かく (kaku, Jōyō)
Kun: たしか (tashika, 確か, Jōyō)、たしかめる (tashikameru, 確かめる, Jōyō)

Compounds

確認(かくにん) (kakunin): confirmation, to confirm

Adjective

確(かく) • (kaku) ^†-tari (adnominal 確(かく)とした (kaku to shita) or 確(かく)たる (kaku taru), adverbial 確(かく)と (kaku to) or 確(かく)として (kaku to shite))

(literary) certain; definite

Inflection

Classical conjugation of "確たり" (タリ活用, see Appendix:Japanese verbs.)

Stem forms
Irrealis (未然形)	確たら	かくたら	kakutara
Continuative (連用形)	確と^[1] 確たり^[2]	かくとかくたり	kakuto kakutari
Terminal (終止形)	確たり	かくたり	kakutari
Attributive (連体形)	確たる	かくたる	kakutaru
Realis (已然形)	確たれ	かくたれ	kakutare
Imperative (命令形)	確たれ	かくたれ	kakutare
Key constructions
Negative	確たらず	かくたらず	kakutarazu
Contrasting conjunction	確たれど	かくたれど	kakutaredo
Causal conjunction	確たれば	かくたれば	kakutareba
Conditional conjunction	確たらば	かくたらば	kakutaraba
Past tense (firsthand knowledge)	確たりき	かくたりき	kakutariki
Past tense (secondhand knowledge)	確たりけり	かくたりけり	kakutarikeri
Adverbial	確と	かくと	kakuto
^[1]Without auxiliary verb. ^[2]With auxiliary verb.

Korean

Hanja

確 • (hwak) (hangeul 확, revised hwak, McCune–Reischauer hwak, Yale hwak)

This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.

Vietnamese

Han character

確: Hán Nôm readings: xác, xạc

Adjective

確 • (xác)

chữ Hán form of xác (“durable; strong; solid; firm”)