鶴

鶴 (Kangxi radical 196, 鳥+10, 21 strokes, cangjie input 十土竹日火 (JGHAF) or 人土竹日火 (OGHAF), four-corner 4722₇, composition ⿰隺鳥)

• 靏

• Kangxi Dictionary: page 1496, character 20
• Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 47185
• Dae Jaweon: page 2026, character 10
• Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 7, page 4654, character 3
• Unihan data for U+9DB4

• Unihan data for U+FA2D

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 / 形声, OC *ɡloːwɢ): phonetic 寉 (OC *ɡluːwɢ) + semantic 鳥.

Possibly from Austroasiatic (Schuessler, 2007). Compare Proto-Mon-Khmer *kl(uə)k (“white”), whence Proto-Vietic *t-lɔːk (“white”) but Old Mon kloh (“crane”).

鶴

1. crane (bird)
2. white
3. a surname

(Jōyō kanji)

• Go-on: がく (gaku)
• Kan-on: かく (kaku)
• Kun: つる (tsuru, 鶴, Jōyō)^{←つる (turu, 鶴, historical)}、たず (tazu, 鶴)^{←たづ (tadu, 鶴, historical)}
• Nanori: ず (zu)、つ (tsu)

Given a crane's long neck and how the bird hunts, possibly related to 蔓 (tsuru, “vine”); 弦 (tsuru, “bowstring; musical instrument string”); 釣る, 吊る (tsuru, “to hang down; to string up; to fish”). Given how cranes flock together, possibly related also to 連る (tsuru), older root form of modern verb 連れる (tsureru, “to accompany”). That said, 連る also appears to ultimately derive from 蔓 (tsuru, “vine”).

Vovin (2008) considers it possibly related to an ancestor of Korean 두루미 (durumi, “crane”), with a root-final -m vanishing later, leaving only a Kansai accent pattern behind.^[1] May ultimately be a regional Wanderwort. Compare also Proto-Finno-Ugric *tërka (“crane”), and Proto-Turkic *turńa (“crane”) (whence Turkish turna), Mongolian тогоруу (togoruu, “crane”). (Can this⁽⁺⁾ etymology be sourced?)

The reading tsuru is first seen used to mean “a crane” from the late Heian period. Prior to that time, the only reading used for the bird was tazu. However, the kanji 鶴 was used in the Man'yōshū (759 CE) as a 借訓 (shakkun) reading for つる (turu → tsuru), the 連体形 (rentaikei, “attributive form”) of つ (tu → tsu, auxiliary verb of affirmation, certainty, or completion), suggesting that tsuru may have already existed as an everyday term meaning “a crane”.^[2]

• (Tokyo) つる [tsúꜜrù] (Atamadaka – [1])^[3][4]
• IPA^(key): [t͡sɨɾɯ̟]

鶴(つる) or 鶴(ツル) • (tsuru) 

1. a crane (large, long-legged and long-necked bird of the family Gruidae)
2. short for 折鶴 (orizuru): a paper crane, the archetypical origami design
3. short for 鶴嘴 (tsuruhashi): a pickaxe
4. a 家紋 (kamon, “family crest”) depicting a crane
5. (euphemistic) white hair

   Synonym: 白髪 (shiraga)

6. a decoration made of straws and reeds in the form of two cranes, used during the 14th year of the first month in the former town of Sakurajima, Kagoshima Prefecture

• As with many terms that name organisms, this term is often spelled in katakana, especially in biological contexts (where katakana is customary), as ツル (tsuru).

• 鶴(つる)九(きゅう)皐(こう)に鳴(な)き声(こえ)天(てん)に聞(き)こゆ (tsuru kyūkō ni naki koe ten ni kikoyu)
• 鶴(つる)は千(せん)年(ねん)亀(かめ)は万(まん)年(ねん) (tsuru wa sennen kame wa mannen)

鶴(つる) • (Tsuru) 

1. a female given name
2. a surname

/tadu/ → /tad͡zu/ → /tazu/

From Old Japanese.^[2][3]

Speculatively, this could be analyzed as a compound of た (ta, possibly 田 (“rice paddy”), where cranes are known to hunt) +‎ つ (*tsu, uncertain, possibly “a large bird”), wherein the tsu changes to dzu, modern zu, as an instance of rendaku (連濁). This tsu may be the tsu in modern tsuru above. (Can this⁽⁺⁾ etymology be sourced?)

• (Tokyo) たず [táꜜzù] (Atamadaka – [1])^[3]
• IPA^(key): [ta̠zɨ]

鶴(たず) • (tazu) ^{←たづ (tadu)?}

1. (archaic, poetic) a crane (large, long-legged and long-necked bird of the family Gruidae)

• This reading is now reserved for poetry.^[2][3]

• 葦(あし)田(た)鶴(ず) (ashi tazu, “crane”, poetic; literally “reed crane” in reference to the way the birds will often hide among the reeds)

From Middle Chinese 鶴 (MC hak).

Compare modern Mandarin 鶴 / 鹤 (hè).

鶴(かく) • (kaku) 

1. crane (large bird of the family Gruidae)
2. cranelike

• 鶏(けい)群(ぐん)の一(いっ)鶴(かく) (keigun no ikkaku)

From Middle Chinese 鶴 (MC hak).

• (SK Standard/Seoul) IPA^(key): [ha̠k̚]
• Phonetic hangul: [학]

Wikisource

鶴 (eumhun 두루미 학 (durumi hak))

1. hanja form^? of 학 (“crane (bird)”) [noun]

• 국제퇴계학회 대구경북지부 (國際退溪學會 大邱慶北支部) (2007). Digital Hanja Dictionary, 전자사전／電子字典. [2]

(Jōyō kanji)

• Kun: ちるー (chirū, 鶴)

(Jōyō kanji)

• Kun: ちる (chiru, 鶴)

Ultimately from Proto-Japonic *turum.

Cognate with Japanese 鶴 (tsuru).

• (Shuri-Naha) ち​る[chíꜜrù] (Kakō - [1])^[1]
• IPA^(key): [t͡ɕiɾu]

鶴(ちる) (chiru) 

1. a crane (large, long-legged and long-necked bird of the family Gruidae)

• 鶴(ちる)ん鳥(とぅい) (chiruntui), 鶴(ちり)ん鳥(とぅい) (chirintui), to avoid confusion with 弦 (chiru, “bowstring”)

Possibly a compound of 田 (ta, “rice paddy”, where cranes are known to hunt) +‎ つ (*tu, uncertain, possibly “a large bird”). (Can this⁽⁺⁾ etymology be sourced?)

鶴 (tadu) (kana たづ)

1. a crane (large, long-legged and long-necked bird of the family Gruidae)
   • 711–712, Kojiki, lower volume (Emperor Ingyō; poem 85):

     阿麻登夫登理母都加比曾多豆賀泥能岐許延牟登岐波和賀那斗波佐泥

     ama-to₂bu to₂ri mo₂ tukapi₁ so₂ tadu ga ne no₂ ki₁ko₂yemu to₂ki₁ pa waga na to₁pasane

     (please add an English translation of this quotation)

   • c. 759, Man’yōshū, book 7, poem 1199:

     藻苅舟奧榜來良之妹之嶋形見之浦爾鶴翔所見

     mokari-bune oki₁ ko₂gi₁kurasi Imogasima Katami₁-no₂-ura ni tadu kake₂ru mi₁yu

     Rowing the seaweed-gathering boat out to sea and back again, I saw the cranes soaring by Katami inlet on Imogashima.

   • For more quotations using this term, see Citations:鶴.

For quotations using this term, see Citations:鶴.

• 鶴が音 (tadu ga ne)
• 鶴群 (tadumura)
• 蘆鶴 (asitadu)

• Japanese: 鶴 (tazu)

The 借訓 (shakkun) reading of modern Japanese 鶴 (tsuru, “crane”).

In turn, from Proto-Japonic *turum (“crane”).

鶴 (turu)

1. Denotes phonographic disyllable つる (turu)
   • c. 759, Man’yōshū, book 1, poem 81:

     ...相見鶴鴨

     ...api₁mituru ka mo

     ...[as] they looked [at each other]!

• Japanese: 鶴 (tsuru, “crane”)

• Vovin (2020) p. 34

鶴: Hán Nôm readings: hạc

1. This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.