窿

窿	U+7ABF, 窿 CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-7ABF

← 窾
[U+7ABE]

CJK Unified Ideographs

竀 →
[U+7AC0]

Translingual

Han character

窿 (Kangxi radical 116, 穴+12, 17 strokes, cangjie input 十金弓中一 (JCNLM), four-corner 3021₄, composition ⿱穴隆)

mineshaft
cavity, hole

References

Kangxi Dictionary: page 868, character 30
Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 25660
Dae Jaweon: page 1297, character 37
Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 4, page 2741, character 14
Unihan data for U+7ABF

Chinese

trad.		窿
simp. ^#		窿

Glyph origin

Characters in the same phonetic series (夅) (Zhengzhang, 2003)

	Old Chinese
贛	kluːmʔ, kluːms, kromʔ, kloːms
灨	kluːmʔ, kluːms
竷	*kʰluːms
戇	kr'oːms, qʰloːms
洚	kruːŋs, ɡruːŋ, ɡloːŋ, ɡluːŋ
降	kruːŋs, ɡruːŋ
絳	*kruːŋs
栙	*ɡruːŋ
夅	*ɡruːŋ
跭	*ɡruːŋ
隆	*ɡ·ruːŋ
癃	*ɡ·ruːŋ
窿	*ɡ·ruːŋ
霳	*ɡ·ruːŋ

Etymology

STEDT derives it from Proto-Sino-Tibetan *kru:ŋ (“cage”). For more see 籠 (OC *roːŋ, *roːŋʔ, *roŋ).

Pronunciation

Mandarin
(Pinyin): lóng (long²)

(Zhuyin): ㄌㄨㄥˊ
Cantonese (Jyutping): lung⁴ / lung^4-1
Hakka (Sixian, PFS): lùng
Southern Min
(Hokkien, POJ): long

(Teochew, Peng'im): long⁵

Mandarin
- (Standard Chinese)⁺
  - Hanyu Pinyin: lóng
  - Zhuyin: ㄌㄨㄥˊ
  - Tongyong Pinyin: lóng
  - Wade–Giles: lung²
  - Yale: lúng
  - Gwoyeu Romatzyh: long
  - Palladius: лун (lun)
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /lʊŋ³⁵/
Cantonese
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
  - Jyutping: lung⁴ / lung^4-1
  - Yale: lùhng / lūng
  - Cantonese Pinyin: lung⁴ / lung^4-1
  - Guangdong Romanization: lung⁴ / lung^4-1
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /lʊŋ²¹/, /lʊŋ²¹⁻⁵⁵/

Note:

lung4 - literary;
lung4-1 - vernacular.

Hakka
- (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Neipu)
  - Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: lùng
  - Hakka Romanization System: lung^ˇ
  - Hagfa Pinyim: lung²
  - Sinological IPA: /luŋ¹¹/
Southern Min
- (Hokkien: Xiamen, Quanzhou, Zhangzhou)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: long
  - Tâi-lô: long
  - Phofsit Daibuun: lofng
  - IPA (Quanzhou): /lɔŋ³³/
  - IPA (Xiamen, Zhangzhou): /lɔŋ⁴⁴/
- (Teochew)
  - Peng'im: long⁵
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: lông
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /loŋ⁵⁵/

Middle Chinese: ljuwng

Rime
Character	窿
Reading #	1/1
Initial (聲)	來 (37)
Final (韻)	東 (2)
Tone (調)	Level (Ø)
Openness (開合)	Open
Division (等)	III
Fanqie	力中切
Baxter	ljuwng
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang Shangfang	/lɨuŋ/
Pan Wuyun	/liuŋ/
Shao Rongfen	/liuŋ/
Edwin Pulleyblank	/luwŋ/
Li Rong	/liuŋ/
Wang Li	/lĭuŋ/
Bernhard Karlgren	/li̯uŋ/
Expected Mandarin Reflex	lóng
Expected Cantonese Reflex	lung⁴

Old Chinese
(Zhengzhang): /*ɡ·ruːŋ/

Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character	窿
Reading #	1/1
No.	6288
Phonetic component	夅
Rime group	終
Rime subdivision	0
Corresponding MC rime	隆
Old Chinese	/*ɡ·ruːŋ/

Definitions

窿

used in 窟窿 (kūlong)
(Cantonese) hole (Classifier: 個／个 c)
alt. forms: 竉 / 𰩅 (lǒng)

掘窿 [Cantonese] ― gwat⁶ lung^4-1 [Jyutping] ― to dig a hole

Synonyms

Dialectal synonyms of 孔 (“hole”) [map]

Variety	Location	Words edit
Classical Chinese		孔, 洞, 穴
Formal (Written Standard Chinese)		孔, 洞, 孔洞, 空洞, 空穴, 窿
Northeastern Mandarin	Beijing	窟窿
Northeastern Mandarin	Singapore	洞
Jilu Mandarin	Jinan	窟窿
Central Plains Mandarin	Luoyang	窟窿
	Wanrong	窟窿
	Xi'an	窟窿子, 窟窿
Southwestern Mandarin	Chengdu	窟窿, 洞洞, 洞
	Wuhan	窟窿, 窟眼, 洞洞, 洞
	Liuzhou	窿
Jianghuai Mandarin	Nanjing	窟窿
	Yangzhou	洞, 窟窿
	Hefei	窟窿, 洞
Cantonese	Guangzhou	窿, 咕窿
	Hong Kong	窿, 咕窿
	Taishan	孔
	Yangjiang	窿
	Kuala Lumpur (Guangfu)	窿
	Singapore (Guangfu)	窿
Gan	Nanchang	洞
Hakka	Meixian	窿仔, 窿空仔
	Miaoli (N. Sixian)	空
	Pingtung (Neipu; S. Sixian)	空
	Hsinchu County (Zhudong; Hailu)	空
	Taichung (Dongshi; Dabu)	空
	Hsinchu County (Qionglin; Raoping)	空
	Yunlin (Lunbei; Zhao'an)	空
Jin	Taiyuan	窟窿, 窟子
Northern Min	Jian'ou	川
Eastern Min	Fuzhou	空空
Southern Min	Xiamen	空, 空口
	Quanzhou	空
	Zhangzhou	空口
	Zhangzhou (Changtai)	空
	Taipei	空
	Penang (Hokkien)	空
	Singapore (Hokkien)	空
	Manila (Hokkien)	空
	Chaozhou	空
	Jieyang	空, 洞
	Haifeng	空
	Singapore (Teochew)	空
	Singapore (Hainanese)	空
Southern Pinghua	Nanning (Tingzi)	窿
Wu	Suzhou	洞
	Wenzhou	洞, 窟, 窟窿
	Jinhua	窟窿
Xiang	Changsha	洞, 洞子
Xiang	Shuangfeng	眼貢, 洞

Compounds

填窟窿
塞竇窿 / 塞窦窿
大耳窿 (dà'ěrlóng)
屎窟窿
山窿
打窿機 / 打窿机
拉窟窿
捅窟窿
捐窿捐罅
搵窿捐 / 揾窿捐
擘大口得個窿 / 擘大口得个窿
樹窿 / 树窿
疏窿
穹窿 (qiónglóng)
穿窿
窟窿 (kūlong)
窟窿眼兒 / 窟窿眼儿
窿窿罅罅
窿路
耳仔窿
耳窿
肚臍窿 / 肚脐窿
背脊開窿 / 背脊开窿
通窿
釘窿機 / 钉窿机
鎖匙窿 / 锁匙窿
鼻哥窿
鼻窿

References

“窿”, in 漢語多功能字庫 (Multi-function Chinese Character Database)‎^[1], 香港中文大學 (the Chinese University of Hong Kong), 2014–

Japanese

Kanji

窿

(Hyōgai kanji)

This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.

Readings

On (unclassified): りゅう (ryū)、りゅ (ryu)
Kun: ゆみなり (yuminari)

Korean

Hanja

窿 • (ryung>yung) (hangeul 륭>융, revised ryung>yung, McCune–Reischauer ryung>yung, Yale lyung>yung)

This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.

Vietnamese

Han character

窿 (lung, lọn)

This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.