窟

窟	U+7A9F, 窟 CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-7A9F

← 窞
[U+7A9E]

CJK Unified Ideographs

窠 →
[U+7AA0]

Translingual

Han character

窟 (Kangxi radical 116, 穴+8, 13 strokes, cangjie input 十金尸山山 (JCSUU), four-corner 3027₂, composition ⿱穴屈)

Derived characters

𠏅, 𡀙, 𡑣, 𡼿, 𢷈, 㵠, 𦡆, 𥖚, 𠟶

References

Kangxi Dictionary: page 866, character 33
Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 25552
Dae Jaweon: page 1294, character 32
Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 4, page 2734, character 14
Unihan data for U+7A9F

Chinese

trad.		窟
simp. ^#		窟

Glyph origin

Characters in the same phonetic series (出) (Zhengzhang, 2003)

	Old Chinese
聉	r̥ʰuːlʔ, ŋrɯd, ʔr'uːd, ŋruːd
贅	*kljods
祟	*sqʰluds
出	kʰljuds, kʰljud
茁	ʔl'ɯd, skruːd, skrod, skrud
欪	qʰlɯd, l̥ʰud
貀	*ŋr'uːd
袦	*ŋr'oːd
咄	ʔl'oːd, ʔl'uːd
柮	sɡloːd, ʔl'uːd
拙	*kljod
炪	kljod, l̥ʰud
掘	ɡlod, ɡlud
鈯	*l'uːd
啒	kluːd, qʰluːd
淈	kluːd, ɡluːd
窟	*kʰluːd
泏	kʰluːd, ʔl'ud
堀	kʰluːd, ɡlud
胐	*kʰluːd
窋	*ʔl'ud
絀	*ʔl'ud
黜	*l̥ʰud
屈	klud, kʰlud
趉	*klud
鶌	*klud
詘	*kʰlud
倔	*ɡlud
崛	ɡlud, ŋɡlud

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 / 形声, OC *kʰluːd): semantic 穴 (“hole; cave”) + phonetic 屈 (OC *klud, *kʰlud).

Etymology

Pronunciation

Mandarin
(Pinyin): kū (ku¹)

(Zhuyin): ㄎㄨ
Cantonese (Jyutping): fat¹
Hakka
(Sixian, PFS): fut

(Hailu, HRS): fud

(Meixian, Guangdong): kiud⁵ / fud⁵
Eastern Min (BUC): káuk
Puxian Min (Pouseng Ping'ing): koh⁶ / kuoh⁶
Southern Min
(Hokkien, POJ): khut

(Teochew, Peng'im): kug⁴ / kuh⁴ / uh⁴
Wu (Shanghai, Wugniu): ⁷khoq; ⁷khueq

Mandarin
- (Standard Chinese)⁺
  - Hanyu Pinyin: kū
  - Zhuyin: ㄎㄨ
  - Tongyong Pinyin: ku
  - Wade–Giles: kʻu¹
  - Yale: kū
  - Gwoyeu Romatzyh: ku
  - Palladius: ку (ku)
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /kʰu⁵⁵/
Cantonese
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
  - Jyutping: fat¹
  - Yale: fāt
  - Cantonese Pinyin: fat⁷
  - Guangdong Romanization: fed¹
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /fɐt̚⁵/
Hakka
- (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Neipu)
  - Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: fut
  - Hakka Romanization System: fud^ˋ
  - Hagfa Pinyim: fud⁵
  - Sinological IPA: /fut̚²/
- (Hailu, incl. Zhudong)
  - Hakka Romanization System: fud
  - Sinological IPA: /fut⁵/
- (Meixian)
  - Guangdong: kiud⁵ / fud⁵
  - Sinological IPA: /kʰiut̚¹/, /fut̚¹/

Note:

Meixian:
- kiud5 - literary;
- fud5 - vernacular.

Eastern Min
- (Fuzhou)
  - Bàng-uâ-cê: káuk
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /kʰɑuʔ²⁴/
Puxian Min
- (Putian)
  - Pouseng Ping'ing: koh⁶
  - Báⁿ-uā-ci̍: keoh
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /kʰɔʔ²¹/
- (Xianyou)
  - Pouseng Ping'ing: kuoh⁶
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /kʰuoʔ²/
Southern Min
- (Hokkien)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: khut
  - Tâi-lô: khut
  - Phofsit Daibuun: qud
  - IPA (Xiamen): /kʰut̚³²/
  - IPA (Quanzhou): /kʰut̚⁵/
  - IPA (Zhangzhou): /kʰut̚³²/
  - IPA (Taipei): /kʰut̚³²/
  - IPA (Kaohsiung): /kʰut̚³²/
- (Teochew)
  - Peng'im: kug⁴ / kuh⁴ / uh⁴
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: khuk / khuh / uh
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /kʰuk̚²/, /kʰuʔ²/, /uʔ²/

Note:

kug4 - literary;
kuh4/uh4 - vernacular.

Wu
- (Northern: Shanghai)
  - Wugniu: ⁷khoq; ⁷khueq
  - MiniDict: khoh^入; khueh^入
  - Wiktionary Romanisation (Shanghai): ⁴khoq; ⁴khueq
  - Sinological IPA (Shanghai): /kʰoʔ⁵⁵/, /kʰuəʔ⁵⁵/

Middle Chinese: khwot

Rime
Character	窟
Reading #	1/1
Initial (聲)	溪 (29)
Final (韻)	沒 (56)
Tone (調)	Checked (Ø)
Openness (開合)	Closed
Division (等)	I
Fanqie	苦骨切
Baxter	khwot
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang Shangfang	/kʰuət̚/
Pan Wuyun	/kʰuot̚/
Shao Rongfen	/kʰuət̚/
Edwin Pulleyblank	/kʰwət̚/
Li Rong	/kʰuət̚/
Wang Li	/kʰuət̚/
Bernhard Karlgren	/kʰuət̚/
Expected Mandarin Reflex	ku
Expected Cantonese Reflex	fat¹

Old Chinese
(Baxter–Sagart): /*[kʰ]ˤut/

(Zhengzhang): /*kʰluːd/

Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character	窟
Reading #	1/1
Modern Beijing (Pinyin)	kū
Middle Chinese	‹ khwot ›
Old Chinese	/*[kʰ]ˁut/
English	cave, hole
Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. [t] as coda may in fact be -t or -p; Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary.

Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character	窟
Reading #	1/1
No.	1565
Phonetic component	出
Rime group	物
Rime subdivision	2
Corresponding MC rime
Old Chinese	/*kʰluːd/

Definitions

窟

cave; hole; cavity
石窟 ― shíkū ― rock cave

狡兔三窟 ― jiǎotùsānkū ― a crafty person has more than one hideout (literally, “a crafty rabbit has three burrows”)
den; lair; a place where a certain kind of people or things gather
魔窟 ― mókū ― place occupied by sinister forces

貧民窟／贫民窟 ― pínmínkū ― slum
(Hokkien) depression; dip; hollow
(Hokkien) Classifier for holes, cavities, or hollows.
(obsolete) house made of earth

Synonyms

(depression): 凹陷 (āoxiàn)

Compounds

云岡石窟
克孜爾石窟 / 克孜尔石窟
吳哥窟 / 吴哥窟 (Wúgēkū)
四大石窟
屎窟
敦煌石窟
洞窟 (dòngkū)
狡兔三窟 (jiǎotùsānkū)
石窟 (shíkū)
窟窿 (kūlong)
窟窿眼 (kūlongyǎn)
窟窿碰撞
窟臀
莫高窟 (Mògāokū)
蟳窟 / 𫊻窟 (Xúnkū)
財政窟窿 / 财政窟窿
貧民窟 / 贫民窟 (pínmínkū)
銷金窟 / 销金窟 (xiāojīnkū)
魔窟 (mókū)
麥積山石窟 / 麦积山石窟
龍門石窟 / 龙门石窟

References

“窟”, in 漢語多功能字庫 (Multi-function Chinese Character Database)‎^[1], 香港中文大學 (the Chinese University of Hong Kong), 2014–
李如龙 [Li, Ru-long], 刘福铸 [Liu, Fu-zhu], 吴华英 [Wu, Hua-ying], 黄国城 [Huang, Guo-cheng] (2019) “窟 (～窿)”, in 莆仙方言调查报告 [Investigation Report on Puxian Dialect] (overall work in Mandarin and Puxian Min), Xiamen University Press, →ISBN, page 239.

Japanese

Kanji

窟

(Jōyō kanji)

hole, cave

Readings

Go-on: こち (kochi)
Kan-on: こつ (kotsu)
Kan’yō-on: くつ (kutsu, Jōyō)
Kun: いわや (iwaya, 窟)

Definitions

For pronunciation and definitions of 窟 – see the following entry.

【岩屋いわや】

[noun] a cave

[noun] a cavern

Alternative spelling
石屋

(This term, 窟, is an alternative spelling of the above term.)

Korean

Etymology

From Middle Chinese 窟 (MC khwot).

Historical Readings
Dongguk Jeongun Reading
Dongguk Jeongun, 1448	코ᇙ〮 (Yale: khwólq)
Middle Korean
Text	Eumhun
Text	*Gloss (hun)*	Reading
Hunmong Jahoe, 1527^[2]	구무 (Yale: kwùmwù)	굴〮 (Yale: kwúl)

Pronunciation

(SK Standard/Seoul) IPA^(key): [ku(ː)ɭ]
Phonetic hangul: [굴(ː)]
- Though still prescribed in Standard Korean, most speakers in both Koreas no longer distinguish vowel length.

Hanja

Wikisource

窟 (eumhun 굴 굴 (gul gul))

hanja form^? of 굴 (“cave; hole”) [noun]

Compounds

See the hangul entry at 굴 (gul) for compounds of 窟.

References

국제퇴계학회 대구경북지부 (國際退溪學會大邱慶北支部) (2007). Digital Hanja Dictionary, 전자사전／電子字典. [3]

Vietnamese

Han character

窟: Hán Nôm readings: quật

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