駑馬

Chinese

		worn out old horses	horse; surname
trad. (駑馬)		駑	馬
simp. (驽马)		驽	马

Pronunciation

Mandarin
(Pinyin): númǎ

(Zhuyin): ㄋㄨˊ ㄇㄚˇ

Mandarin
- (Standard Chinese)⁺
  - Hanyu Pinyin: númǎ
  - Zhuyin: ㄋㄨˊ ㄇㄚˇ
  - Tongyong Pinyin: númǎ
  - Wade–Giles: nu²-ma³
  - Yale: nú-mǎ
  - Gwoyeu Romatzyh: numaa
  - Palladius: нума (numa)
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /nu³⁵ mä²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

Middle Chinese: nu maeX

Rime
Character	駑	馬
Reading #	1/1	1/1
Initial (聲)	泥 (8)	明 (4)
Final (韻)	模 (23)	麻 (98)
Tone (調)	Level (Ø)	Rising (X)
Openness (開合)	Open	Open
Division (等)	I	II
Fanqie	乃都切	莫下切
Baxter	nu	maeX
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang Shangfang	/nuo/	/mˠa^X/
Pan Wuyun	/nuo/	/mᵚa^X/
Shao Rongfen	/no/	/ma^X/
Edwin Pulleyblank	/nɔ/	/maɨ^X/
Li Rong	/no/	/ma^X/
Wang Li	/nu/	/ma^X/
Bernhard Karlgren	/nuo/	/ma^X/
Expected Mandarin Reflex	nú	mǎ
Expected Cantonese Reflex	nou⁴	maa⁵

Old Chinese
(Zhengzhang): /*naː mraːʔ/

Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character	馬
Reading #	1/1
Modern Beijing (Pinyin)	mǎ
Middle Chinese	‹ mæ^X ›
Old Chinese	/*mˁraʔ/
English	horse
Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. [t] as coda may in fact be -t or -p; Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary.

Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character	駑	馬
Reading #	1/1	1/1
No.	9602	8715
Phonetic component	女	馬
Rime group	魚	魚
Rime subdivision	0	0
Corresponding MC rime	奴	馬
Old Chinese	/*naː/	/*mraːʔ/

Noun

駑馬

(literary) inferior horse; jade
- 夫驥一日而千里，駑馬十駕，則亦及之矣。 [Traditional Chinese poetry, trad.]
  夫骥一日而千里，驽马十驾，则亦及之矣。 [Traditional Chinese poetry, simp.]
  From: Xunzi, c. 3^rd century BCE
  Fū jì yīrì ér qiān lǐ, númǎ shí jià, zé yì jí zhī yǐ. [Pinyin]
  The horse Qi Ji could go a thousand li in a day, but with ten days of riding an old nag can also go that far.