-ês

• -ez (obsolete)

From Old Galician-Portuguese -es, from Latin -ēnsis. Compare the borrowed doublet -ense.

• Homophones: ex (Brazil), ex- (Brazil)

-ês m (noun-forming suffix, plural -eses, feminine -esa, feminine plural -esas)

1. -ese (forms nouns indicating a native of the place)

   ‎Holanda (“Netherlands”) + ‎-ês → ‎holandês (“Dutchman”)

2. -ese (forms the names of languages spoken in a given place or by a given people)

   ‎Holanda (“Netherlands”) + ‎-ês → ‎holandês (“Dutch language”)

-ês (adjective-forming suffix, feminine -esa, masculine plural -eses, feminine plural -esas)

1. -ese (forms adjectives describing a particular place)

   Synonyms: -ense, -eiro, -ista, -enho, -ita, -ota

   ‎Holanda (“Netherlands”) + ‎-ês → ‎holandês (“Dutch”)

The following ending(s) change(s) in words appended with this suffix:

• ⟨-ição⟩ (being part of a hiatus in feminine nouns, incl. plurals) → ⟨-(i)cion⟩
• ⟨-ção⟩, ⟨-são⟩ (in feminine nouns, incl. plurals) → ⟨-cion⟩, ⟨-sion⟩
• ⟨-ão⟩ (as a non-verb suffix, incl. plurals) → ⟨-on⟩
• ⟨-ã(o)⟩ (incl. plurals) → ⟨-(i)an⟩, ⟨-am⟩, or ⟨-(i)on⟩, depending on the base word's etymology
• ⟨-m⟩ (incl. plurals) → ⟨-n⟩
• ⟨-z⟩ (in some nouns from Latin, incl. plurals) → ⟨-c(i)⟩
• ⟨-bil(i)⟩
• ⟨-c(i)⟩
• ⟨-dade⟩ (as a noun suffix, incl. plurals) → ⟨-t⟩