Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/kūz

This Proto-Germanic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Germanic

Etymology

From earlier *kwōz ~ *kwūiz, from Proto-Indo-European *gʷéh₃u-s ~ *gʷuh₃-és.^[1]

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /ˈkuːz/

Noun

*kūz f^[1]^[2]^[3]^[4]^[5]

cow

Inflection

Declension of *kūz (consonant stem)
	singular	plural
nominative	*kūz	*kūiz
vocative	*kū	*kūiz
accusative	*kūų	*kūunz
genitive	*kūiz	*kūǫ̂
dative	*kūi	*kūumaz
instrumental	*kūē	*kūumiz

Alternative reconstructions

*kōz

Descendants

Proto-West Germanic: *kō
- Old English: cū
  - Middle English: cou, cow, cowe, cu, kow, kowe, ku
    - English: cow (see there for further descendants)
    - English: (West Yorkshire) caa, cah
    - English: (Ottawa-Valley) cou, ceu, kew
    - Geordie English: coo
    - Scots: coo, coe, cou
    - Yola: keow
- Old Frisian: kū
  - North Frisian: ko, kø, kü
    Sylt: Kü
  - Saterland Frisian: Ku
  - West Frisian: ko
- Old Saxon: kō, kuo
  - Middle Low German: kô, ko, koo, kou, koe, koh, koy, ku
    - Low German: Koh
      - German Low German: Koh, Kauh, Ko, Koo, Kuh
    - Plautdietsch: Koo
- Old Dutch: cuo
  - Middle Dutch: coe
    - Dutch: koe (see there for further descendants)
    - Limburgish: ków
    - West Flemish: koe
- Old High German: kuo, chuo
  - Middle High German: kuo, kū, kō, chuo
    - Alemannic German: Chue
      - Alsatian: Küeh
      - Walser: Chua
    - Bavarian: Kuah, Kouh (Northern Bavarian), Kua (spelling variant)
      - Cimbrian: khua
      - Mòcheno: kua
    - Central Franconian: Kuh, Koh
      - Hunsrik: Kuh
      - Luxembourgish: Kou
    - East Franconian: Kou, Kua, Kuu
    - German: Kuh
    - Rhine Franconian:
      - Pennsylvania German: Kuh
    - Vilamovian: kü
    - Yiddish: קו (ku)
Proto-Norse:
- Old West Norse: kýr, *kōʀ — Old East Norse
  - Icelandic: kýr
  - Faroese: kúgv, kú
  - Norwegian Nynorsk: ku
  - Norwegian Bokmål: ku
  - Jamtish: kú
  - Elfdalian: tjyr
- Old East Norse: *kōʀ
  - Old Swedish: kō
    - Swedish: ko
  - Old Danish: kō
    - Danish: ko

References

↑ ^1.0 ^1.1 Kroonen, Guus (2013) “*kō- ~ *kū-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11)‎^[1], Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN
^ Vladimir Orel (2003) “*kōwz ~ *kūz”, in A Handbook of Germanic Etymology‎^[2], Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 219
^ Friedrich Kluge (1989) “Kuh”, in Etymologisches Wörterbuch der deutschen Sprache [Etymological Dictionary of the German Language] (in German), 22nd edition, Berlin: Walter de Gruyter, →ISBN, page 417: “g. *k(w)ōu-”
^ Griepentrog, Wolfgang (1995) “Urgermanisch *kwō- "Kuh"”, in Die Wurzelnomina des Germanischen und ihre Vorgeschichte (in German), volume 82, Institut für Sprachwissenschaft der Universität Innsbruck, →ISBN, page 233
^ Torp, Alf (1919) “Ku”, in Nynorsk Etymologisk Ordbok, Oslo: H. Aschehoug and Co. (W. Nygaard), page 333: “*k(w)ô”

[EDPG-1] 1.0 ^1.1 Kroonen, Guus (2013) “*kō- ~ *kū-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11)‎^[1], Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN

[2] Vladimir Orel (2003) “*kōwz ~ *kūz”, in A Handbook of Germanic Etymology‎^[2], Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 219

[3] Friedrich Kluge (1989) “Kuh”, in Etymologisches Wörterbuch der deutschen Sprache [Etymological Dictionary of the German Language] (in German), 22nd edition, Berlin: Walter de Gruyter, →ISBN, page 417: “g. *k(w)ōu-”

[4] Griepentrog, Wolfgang (1995) “Urgermanisch *kwō- "Kuh"”, in Die Wurzelnomina des Germanischen und ihre Vorgeschichte (in German), volume 82, Institut für Sprachwissenschaft der Universität Innsbruck, →ISBN, page 233

[5] Torp, Alf (1919) “Ku”, in Nynorsk Etymologisk Ordbok, Oslo: H. Aschehoug and Co. (W. Nygaard), page 333: “*k(w)ô”

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