Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/ǵerh₂-

See also: Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/gerh₂-

This Proto-Indo-European entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Indo-European

Root

*ǵerh₂-^[1]^[2]

to grow old, to mature^[3]

Derived terms

Terms derived from the Proto-Indo-European root *ǵerh₂- (40 c, 0 e)

*ǵérh₂-e-ti (thematic root present)^[2]
- Proto-Indo-Iranian: *ȷ́árHati
  - Proto-Indo-Aryan: *ȷ́árHati
    - Sanskrit: जरति (járati)
*ǵorh₂-éye-ti (eye-causative)^[2]^[4]
- Proto-Balto-Slavic:
  - Proto-Slavic: *zorìti (“to ripen (tr.)”)
- Proto-Indo-Iranian: *ȷ́arHáyati
  - Proto-Indo-Aryan: *ȷ́arHáyati
    - Sanskrit: जरयति (jaráyati, “to make old, wear out”)
*ǵr̥h₂-nó-m (“grain”)
*ǵerh₂-ós (e-grade *-ós adjective)
- Proto-Armenian:
  - Old Armenian: ծեր (cer)
    - Armenian: ծեր (cer)
*ǵerh₂-ró-s
- Proto-Hellenic:
  - Ancient Greek: γεραρός (gerarós)
- Proto-Iranian: *jár̥Hrah
  - Avestan: 𐬰𐬀𐬎𐬭𐬎𐬭𐬀 (za^urura, “weak through old age, decrepit”)
*ǵr̥h₂-yéw-s
- Proto-Hellenic: *grāū́s
  - Ancient Greek: γραῦς (graûs)
- Proto-Albanian: *grāwā
  - Albanian: grua (woman, wife)
*ǵ(e)rh₂-yó-s
- Proto-Hellenic:
  - Ancient Greek: γεραιός (geraiós), γραῖᾱ (graîā), Γραῖαι (Graîai), Γραῖα (Graîa, “ancient city”), Γραῖος (Graîos)
    - ⇒ Ancient Greek: Γραικός (Graikós)
      - → Latin: Graecus, Latin: graecus (see there for further descendants)
    - → Latin: Grāius
*ǵērh₂-s
- Proto-Hellenic:
  - Ancient Greek: γῆρας (gêras, “old age”), γέρας (géras, “gift of honour”)
*ǵérh₂-ont-s
*ǵérh₂-u-s ~ *ǵr̥h₂-éw-s
- Proto-Tocharian: *śërāw'ë-
  - Tocharian B: śrāy
*ǵérh₂-mn̥ ~ *ǵr̥h₂-mén-s
- Proto-Indo-Iranian: *ȷ́árHma
  - Proto-Indo-Aryan: *ȷ́árHma
    - Sanskrit: जरिमन् (jariman, “old age, decrepitude”)
  - Proto-Iranian: *járHma
    - Middle Persian: (“old age”)
      Manichaean script: 𐫉𐫡𐫖𐫀𐫗 (zrmʾn /⁠zarmān⁠/), 𐫉𐫡𐫖𐫀𐫗𐫏𐫆 (zrmʾnyẖ /⁠zarmānīh⁠/)
      
      Book Pahlavi script: [Book Pahlavi needed] (zlm'n' /⁠zarmān⁠/)
      - Persian: زرمان (zarmân), زرم (zarm)
- Proto-Hellenic:
  - Ancient Greek: γήραμα (gḗrama, “old age”)
*ǵorh₂-o-s
- Proto-Germanic: *karaz, *karilaz (see there for further descendants)
*ǵorh₂-wó-s
- Proto-Iranian: *járHwáh (“old age”)
  - Avestan: 𐬰𐬀𐬎𐬭𐬎𐬎𐬁 (za^uruuā, “old age”)
  - Khwarezmian: [script needed] (ʾzr)
  - Sogdian: [Term?] (“old age”)
    Manichaean script: 𐫉𐫡𐫇 (zrw /⁠zarw⁠/)
    
    Sogdian script: 𐼵𐽀𐼴𐼳 (zrwh /⁠zarw⁠/)
    
    Syriac script: ܙܪܘ (zrw /⁠zarw⁠/)
  - Ossetian:
    Digor Ossetian: зӕруӕ (zærwæ), зӕруай (zærwaj, “old age”)
  - Pashto: زړوالۍ (zaṛwā́lay, “old age”)
  - Parthian: 𐫉𐫡𐫇𐫀𐫗 (zrwʾn /⁠zarwān⁠/, “old age”)
*ǵorh₂-tó-s
- Proto-Iranian: *járHtáh (“old; old age”)
  - Avestan: 𐬰𐬀𐬭𐬆𐬙𐬀 (zar^əta, “old”)
  - → Manichaean Middle Persian: 𐫉𐫡𐫅 (zrd /⁠zard⁠/, “infirm; old age”)
    - Persian: زال (zâl, “Zāl (a mythological person in Shahnameh who has an old face and white hairs); albino”); زر (zar, “old”)
  - Sogdian: [Term?] (“old age; old woman”)
    Manichaean script: 𐫉𐫏𐫡𐫤𐫐 (zyrtk /⁠zirt(a)⁠/)
    
    Sogdian script: 𐼵𐼷𐽀𐽂𐼳 (zyrth /⁠zirt(a), zert(a)⁠/)
  - Pashto: زړه (zaṛa, “old”), زوړ (zoṛ, “old”), زاړه (zāṛə́)
*ǵorh₂-is-to-s
- Proto-Iranian: *járH-ištah (“oldness”)
  - Pashto: زړښت (zaṛǝ́x̌t, “oldness”)
Unsorted formations:
- Sanskrit: जरा (jarā́, “old age”)
- Sanskrit: जरस् (jarás, “senescence, decay, old age”)
- Sanskrit: जर (jára, “becoming old; the act of wearing out, wasting”)
- Sanskrit: जरायु (jarāyu, “decaying; the cast-off skin of a serpent; a perishable covering; afterbirth”)
- Proto-Albanian: *grāwā^[5]
  - Albanian: grua, grue, gru — Gheg, gruo — Old Gheg
- Proto-Balto-Slavic:
  - Proto-Slavic: *zьrěti > *zrělъ (see there for further descendants)

Descendants

Proto-Indo-Iranian:
- Proto-Indo-Aryan:
  - Sanskrit: जॄ (jṝ)

References

^ Watkins, Calvert (Ed.) (2000). The American Heritage Dictionary of Indo-European Roots. Houghton Mifflin Company: Boston, New York. →ISBN.
↑ ^2.0 ^2.1 ^2.2 Rix, Helmut, editor (2001), Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben [Lexicon of Indo-European Verbs] (in German), 2nd edition, Wiesbaden: Dr. Ludwig Reichert Verlag, →ISBN, pages 165-166
^ Starostin, Sergei (1998). The Tower of Babel: An Etymological Database Project.
^ Derksen, Rick (2008) “*zorìti”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Slavic Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 4), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 548
^ Orel, Vladimir E. (1998) “grua ~ grue”, in Albanian Etymological Dictionary, Leiden, Boston, Köln: Brill, →ISBN, page 125

[AHD-1] Watkins, Calvert (Ed.) (2000). The American Heritage Dictionary of Indo-European Roots. Houghton Mifflin Company: Boston, New York. →ISBN.

[LIV-2] 2.0 ^2.1 ^2.2 Rix, Helmut, editor (2001), Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben [Lexicon of Indo-European Verbs] (in German), 2nd edition, Wiesbaden: Dr. Ludwig Reichert Verlag, →ISBN, pages 165-166

[Babel-3] Starostin, Sergei (1998). The Tower of Babel: An Etymological Database Project.

[4] Derksen, Rick (2008) “*zorìti”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Slavic Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 4), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 548

[5] Orel, Vladimir E. (1998) “grua ~ grue”, in Albanian Etymological Dictionary, Leiden, Boston, Köln: Brill, →ISBN, page 125

[1]

[2]

[3]

[4]

[5]

Proto-Indo-European

Root

Derived terms

Descendants

Further reading

References