Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/yós

This Proto-Indo-European entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Indo-European

Etymology

    Thematisation of *(H)ís.[1]

    Pronoun

    *yós or *Hyós[1][2]

    1. that, who, which (relative)

    Inflection

    Thematic pronominal
    masculine feminine
    nominative *yós *yéh₂
    genitive *yósyo *yósyeh₂s
    masculine singular dual plural
    nominative *yós *yóh₁ *yóy
    accusative *yóm *yóh₁ *yóms
    genitive *yósyo *? *yóysoHom
    ablative *yósmead *? *yóymos, *yóybʰos
    dative *yósmey *? *yóymos, *yóybʰos
    locative *yósmi *? *yóysu
    instrumental *yónoh₁ *? *yṓys
    feminine singular dual plural
    nominative *yéh₂ *? *yéh₂es
    accusative *yā́m *? *yéh₂m̥s
    genitive *yósyeh₂s *? *yéh₂soHom
    ablative *yósyeh₂s *? *yéh₂mos, *yéh₂bʰos
    dative *yósyeh₂ey *? *yéh₂mos, *yéh₂bʰos
    locative *yósyeh₂ *? *yéh₂su
    instrumental *yéh₂(e)h₁ *? *yéh₂mis, *yéh₂bʰis
    neuter singular dual plural
    nominative *yód *yóy *yéh₂
    accusative *yód *yóy *yéh₂
    genitive *yósyo *? *yóysoHom
    ablative *yósmead *? *yóymos, *yóybʰos
    dative *yósmey *? *yóymos, *yóybʰos
    locative *yósmi *? *yóysu
    instrumental *yónoh₁ *? *yṓys

    Alternative reconstructions

    Derived terms

    • *(H)yoyso-[5]
      • Proto-Hellenic: *yóihos
    • *(H)yo-tero-s (“which (of two)”)
      • >? Proto-Balto-Slavic:
      • Proto-Hellenic:
        • Cretan Ancient Greek: ὄτερος (óteros)[4]
      • Proto-Indo-Iranian:
        • Proto-Indo-Aryan:
          • Sanskrit: यतर (yatará)
        • Proto-Iranian:
          • Younger Avestan: 𐬫𐬀𐬙𐬁𐬭𐬀 (yatāra)
    • *(H)yó-ti (“how many (rel.)”)[3]
      • Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Hyáti
        • Proto-Indo-Aryan:
        • Proto-Iranian:
          • Younger Avestan: 𐬫𐬈𐬌𐬙𐬌 (yeiti)
      • ⇒ *(H)yoty-o-s
        • Proto-Hellenic: *yótsos
    • *(H)yótro[7]
      • Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Hyátra
        • Proto-Indo-Aryan: *Hyátra
        • Proto-Iranian: *Hyátra
          • Old Avestan: 𐬫𐬀𐬚𐬭𐬁 (yaθrā)
          • Younger Avestan: 𐬫𐬀𐬚𐬭𐬀 (yaθra)
    • *(H)yeh₂-wot (“as long as, until”)[8]
    • *(H)yó-th₂[3]
      • Proto-Hellenic:
        • Aeolic Greek: ὅτα (hóta, “when”)
      • ⇒ Proto-Indo-Iranian: *HyátʰaH (see there for further descendants)
    Unsorted formations

    Descendants

    • Proto-Balto-Slavic:
      • Proto-Slavic: *jь (partially) (see there for further descendants)
    • Proto-Celtic: *yos, *yo
      • Celtiberian: ios
      • Gaulish: -ío
    • Proto-Germanic:
      • Proto-Norse: ᛁᚨᛊ (ias), ᛁᚨᛉ (iaʀ)[3]
    • Proto-Hellenic: *yós
      • Ancient Greek: ὅς (hós)
    • Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Hyás (see there for further descendants)
    • Proto-Italic:
      • Latin: iam (< *jā́m)
    • Phrygian: ιος (ios /⁠jos⁠/)

    References

    1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 Sihler, Andrew L. (1995) New Comparative Grammar of Greek and Latin, Oxford, New York: Oxford University Press, →ISBN, page 396
    2. ^ Ringe, Donald (2006) From Proto-Indo-European to Proto-Germanic (A Linguistic History of English; 1)‎[1], Oxford: Oxford University Press, →ISBN
    3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 Dunkel, George E. (2014) Lexikon der indogermanischen Partikeln und Pronominalstämme [Lexicon of Indo-European Particles and Pronominal Stems] (in German), volume 2: Lexikon, Heidelberg: Universitätsverlag Winter, →ISBN, pages 312-320
    4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 Beekes, Robert S. P. (2010) “ὅς 1”, in Etymological Dictionary of Greek (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 10), with the assistance of Lucien van Beek, Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 1117
    5. ^ Beekes, Robert S. P. (2010) “τοῖος”, in Etymological Dictionary of Greek (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 10), with the assistance of Lucien van Beek, Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 1491
    6. ^ Derksen, Rick (2008) “*eterъ”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Slavic Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 4), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 147
    7. ^ Lubotsky, Alexander (2011) “yátra”, in The Indo-Aryan Inherited Lexicon (in progress) (Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Project), Leiden University
    8. ^ Beekes, Robert S. P. (2010) “ἔως 2”, in Etymological Dictionary of Greek (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 10), with the assistance of Lucien van Beek, Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 493


    PIE pronouns

    *éǵh₂ · *wéy · *túh₂ · *yúHs · *swé · *só · *ís · *kʷís · *h₁énos · *yós

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