Reconstruction:Proto-Malayo-Polynesian/dəŋəʀ

This Proto-Malayo-Polynesian entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Malayo-Polynesian

Etymology

From Proto-Austronesian *dəŋəʀ (“to hear, sound”).

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /dəŋəʀ/

Verb

*dəŋəʀ

to hear; perceive

Descendants

Proto-Philippine: *dəŋəʀ
- Ati: karnged
- Batanic
  - Ivatan: adngey
  - Yami: rengey
- Northern Luzon
  - Ilocano: dengngeg
  - Kagayan Valley
    - Isnag: dangág
  - Meso-Cordilleran
    - Central Cordilleran
      - Bontoc-Kankanaey
        Central Bontoc: dengel
        Kankanaey: dengngen
        Northern Kankanay: dɨng'ngɨ
      - Ifugao
        Amganad Ifugao: do'ngol
        Batad Ifugao: dongól
    - Southern Cordilleran
      - Kayapa Kallahan: dɨngɨl
      - Keley-I Kallahan: dengel
      - Pangasinan: denguel, dengél
  - Northeastern Luzon
    - Casiguran Dumagat Agta: dingeh
- Central Luzon
  - Sambalic
    - Abenlen Ayta: lenge
- Greater Central Philippine
  - Central Philippine
    - Tagalog: dingíg
    - Bikol
      - Bikol Central: dangóg
      - Buhi'non Bikol: rëngëɡ
      - Iriga Bicolano: rungóg
    - Mansakan
      - Mansaka: dɨngɨg, dungog
      - Tagakaulu Kalagan: dengeg
    - Visayan
      - Cebu
        Cebuano: dungóg
      - Central
        Hiligaynon: dungóg
        Waray-Waray: dungóg
      - South
        Butuanon: dungog
        Surigaonon: dungog
        Tausug: dungog
      - West
        Aklanon: dúngog
  - Gorontalo–Mongondow
    - Gorontalo: dungohu
    - Kaidipang: dungogu
    - Ponosakan: dongoh
  - Manobo
    - Binukid: dengeg
    - Western Bukidnon Manobo: dengeg
  - South Mangyan
    - Hanunoo: dungóg
- Kalamian
  - Calamian Tagbanwa: dɨŋɨl
- Sangiric: *dingiʀ
  - Bantik: díŋihi'
  - Sangil: dingire'
  - Sangir: dingihe'
Basap-Greater Barito:
- Basap: ngendenger
- Northeast Barito:
  - Paser: kerongoy
  - Tawoyan: keringa
- Southeast Barito:
  - Dusun Witu: ngaringey
  - Ma'anyan: ñandringey
  - Malagasy: reny
Kayanic:
- Rejang Kayan: dengah
Land Dayak:
- Benyadu-Bekati':
  - Benyadu': dangah
  - Bekati': dangah, dingah
- Bidayuh:
  - Bau Bidayuh: dingah
  - Biatah Bidayuh: dingah
  - Sungkung: dingan
North Borneo:
- Central Sarawak:
  - Central Melanau: dengah
- Proto-North Sarawak:
  - Kelabit: dinger
  - Lun Bawang: dinger
- Northeast Sabah:
  - Bonggi: dongor
  - Ida'an: ingog
- Southwest Sabah:
  - Greater Dusunic:
    - Central Dusun: rongou
    - Coastal Kadazan: ongou
    - Rungus: rongou
  - Murutic:
    - Burusu: dingog
    - Timugon Murut: dongog
  - Paitanic:
    - Tombonuo: rongou
    - Upper Kinabatangan: rongo
Northwest Sumatra-Barrier Islands:
- Enggano: dohõ
- Nias: rongo
Lampungic:
- Abung: dengey
- Komering: dongi
- Lampung Api: dengi
Proto-Malayo-Sumbawan:
- Bali-Sasak-Sumbawa:
  - Balinese: ningeh
  - Sasak: dengah
- Proto-Malayo-Chamic:
  - Proto-Chamic:
    - Acehnese: deungo
  - Proto-Malayic: *dəŋər
    - Banjarese: dangar
    - West Bornean Malayic
      - Ibanic
        Iban: dinga
        Remun: dinga
        Keninjal: dinga
        Mualang: dinga
        Seberuang: dinga
      - Western Malayic Dayak
        Kendayan: dangar
    - Nuclear Malayic
      - Malay: dengar
        Ambonese Malay: dangar
        Indonesian: dêngar
        →? Tagalog: dangal
      - Brunei Malay: dangar
      - Kedah Malay: dengaq
      - Central Malay: dengagh
      - Minangkabau: danga
      - Negeri Sembilan Malay: donga
      - Pattani Malay: ดืองา (dəŋa)
    - Urak Lawoi': เดอเงอ (denge)
- Sundanese: denge
Old Javanese: ruṅu
- Javanese: ꦫꦸꦔꦸ (rungu, “to hear”)
  - → Indonesian: rungu (“hearing”)
- → Balinese: ᬭᬸᬗᬸ (rungu, “to hear”)
Proto-South Sulawesi:
- Bugis-Tamanic:
  - Embaloh: lingar
- Makassaric:
  - Makasar: lanngere'
- Northern South Sulawesi:
  - Duri: rangi
Celebic:
- Proto-Bungku-Tolaki: *roŋoʀ
- Muna-Buton:
  - Pamona: donge
- Saluan-Banggai:
  - Balantak: rongor
  - Banggai: dongol
- Tomini-Totoli:
  - Lauje: longo
  - Tomini: longo
- Wotu-Wolio:
  - Wolio: rango
Chamorro: hungok
Palauan: orrénges
Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian:
- Central Malayo-Polynesian:
  - Aru:
    - Kola: rena
  - Central Maluku:
    - Alune: lene
  - Flores–Lembata:
    - Kedang: denger
    - Lamaholot: denge'
    - Sika: rena
  - Kei–Tanimbar:
    - Fordata: nrenar
    - Yamdena: ndengar
  - Sumba–Flores:
    - Bima: ringa
    - Sumba–Manggarai:
      - Anakalangu: rangu
      - Sabu: renge
  - Timoric:
    - Baikeno: nena
    - Kisar: derne
    - Tetun Dili: rona
    - Waima'a: dene
- Eastern Malayo-Polynesian:
  - Proto-Halmahera-Cenderawasih: *doŋəʀ (see there for further descendants)
  - Proto-Oceanic: *roŋoʀ
    - Fijian: rogo
    - Proto-Polynesian: *roŋo
      - Proto-Nuclear Polynesian:
        Proto-Eastern Polynesian:
        Marquesic:
        Hawaiian: lono (“news”)
        Mangarevan: rogo
        North Marquesan: ʻoko
        South Marquesan: ʻono
        Rapa Nui: roŋo
        Tahitic:
        Maori: rongo (“news, fame”)
        Rakahanga-Manihiki: rongo
        Rarotongan: rongo
        Tuamotuan: rogo
        Western Polynesian:
        Ellicean–Outlier:
        Kapingamarangi: longo
        Nukumanu: rono
        Pileni: longo
        Sikaiana: lono
        Tuvaluan: logo
        Futunic:
        Anuta: rongo
        East Futuna: logo
        Futuna-Aniwa: rogona
        Pukapukan: longo
        Tikopia: rogo
        West Uvean: longona
        Samoic:
        Samoan: logo
        Tokelauan: logo
      - Tongic:
        Niuean: ogo
        Tongan: ogo