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This Proto-Sino-Tibetan entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.
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Proto-Sino-Tibetan
Reconstruction
- Proto-Sino-Tibetan: *stɨng (Coblin, 1986)
- Proto-Tibeto-Burman: *diŋ (“top; summit”), *s-tyaŋ (“upper part; rise; raise”) (Matisoff, STEDT)
Related to *l‑t(j)ak (“top; above; climb”) (STEDT).
Root
*tVŋ
- upper part; rise; raise; top; summit
Descendants
- Old Chinese: 上 (OC *djaŋʔ, *djaŋs), 頂 (OC *teːŋʔ), 顛 (OC *tiːn), 巔 (OC *tiːn), 登 (OC *tɯːŋ), 等 (OC *tɯːʔ, *tɯːŋʔ), 承 (OC *ɡljɯŋ), 丞 (OC *ɡljɯŋ, *ɡljɯŋs), 拯 (OC *kljɯŋʔ), 烝 (OC *kljɯŋ, *kljɯŋs), 稱 (OC *tʰjɯŋ, *tʰjɯŋs)
- Middle Chinese: 上 (MC dzyangX|dzyangH), 頂 (MC tengX), 顛 (MC ten), 巔 (MC ten), 登 (MC tong), 等 (MC tojX|tongX), 承 (MC dzying), 丞 (MC dzying|dzyingH), 拯 (MC tsyingX), 烝 (MC tsying|tsyingH), 稱 (MC tsyhing|tsyhingH)
- Modern Mandarin
- Beijing: 上 (shàng), 頂／顶 (dǐng), 顛／颠 (diān), 巔／巅 (diān), 登 (dēng), 等 (děng), 承 (chéng), 丞 (chéng), 拯 (zhěng), 烝 (zhēng), 稱／称 (chēng)
- Himalayish
- Tibeto-Kanauri
- Bodic
- Tibetan
- Tibetan: སྟེང (steng, “upper part”)
- Dzongkha: སྟེང (steng, “up; on; above; over”)
- Lolo-Burmese
- Burmish
- Burmese: တင် (tang, “to put or place above, to elevate, to raise”)
- Proto-Karen: *thaŋᴮ (Luangthongkum, 2013)
- Pa'o Karen: ထင်း (“to climb”)
- S'gaw Karen: ထီၣ် (hṭaẁ, “to ascend; to go up”)